Conditional Access is a feature of Azure Active Directory Premium
Conditional Access App Control is a feature of MDCA.
Conditional Access in Azure AD is similar in functionality to Access Policies in MDCA. They do not proxy the entire session, but rather evaluate access at sign-in or token refresh time. Azure AD does not have a reverse proxy for SaaS apps, like the CAAC session proxy in MDCA.
Generally speaking, you should use Azure AD for CA for scenarios where its features meet your needs and only use CAAC, when necessary. The primary cases for MDC CAAC would be (1) using device certificates to evaluate device trust with access policies, (2) reverse proxying the entire user session through the CAAC session proxy to achieve download/upload controls, or other real-time controls, or (3) doing conditional access for a SAML app that relies on some IDP other than Azure AD.
Hope that helps.
