I have the sharing policy set for both SharePoint and OneDrive, set to "Anyone with the link" but when I go to share a folder from a SharePoint site, I do not appear to have the option for "Anyone with the link".
Those controls can also be set at the site level to override the global setting. Try viewing the settings for sharing of an individual site to make sure it's set to use the global settings or query the site settings using Get-SPOSite in PowerShell. OneDrive settings may only be query-able with PowerShell using Get-SPOSite.
Describe your usage more specifically because embedding content can work/not work based on the details of what is being embedded and where. It will also be good to ask that question in a new topic to get other perspectives.
I'm trying to embed the folder onto a page on my website, So that we can display the minutes/agendas from our board meetings. I can very easily do this with outlook/google drive for personal use, but I'm struggling to find the option on SharePoint.
OneDrive and Google Drive might be a bit more permissive in what it will allow you to do. SharePoint is most likely more secure and may have security implemented to prevent cross site scripting (which can be done when content is embedded to display in a website). The only option to get this to work on an external site would be to write some sort of webpart to get content and display it using Graph API.
