Mac: OneDrive Couldn't Start: Please restart your computer and try again

I'm actively dealing with the same issue. This started right around Sep 10th or so. 

I think I found a solve but you might not like it: READ THIS ALL BEFORE TRYING IT

Use Activity Monitor to close our of all OneDrive stuff. Navigate to One Drive in your finder window, right click and show package contents, click Contents, click Resources. Then I opened the RemoveOneDriveCreds.command then I ran the ResetOneDriveApp Standalone.command scripts. 

Warning: this looks like it does remove / delete the sync completely. So the OneDrive folder will disappear from your finder window. If you've been using your OneDrive folders even while you've had this syncing issue, I'm fairly certain you will lose these unsynced files. BACK UP YOUR STUFF. Anything you worked on while OneDrive has been failing you'll probably lose. 

I just went through this process. It removed all the OneDrive folders from my machine but OneDrive is running now. I went onto OneDrive.com and set the folders to sync and they're now downloading onto my computer again.