Bookings with Me Links won't open with Chrome from OWA or Outlook mobile app

I am also experiencing this issue while testing the link to my Bookings page from a Facebook page. When a user taps the 'Contact' button on the Facebook page on mobile, it opens a mobile browser WITHIN the Facebook app, which points to a URL on my website where an MS Bookings form is embedded. The form does not display, and a very similar error as the OP has shared, is displayed. (There is less info / detail in the error message; it only shows "clientIP", "app", "esrc", and "ts".

I have gone as far as adding a new button on the webpage saying "Can't see the form? Click here" - with the button linking to the MS form URL directly. This STILL does not work - the error is still shown, and on some occasions, it even opens up my Outlook Inbox in OWA! What?!

It seems to be an issue with the mobile browser within the Facebook app, as the page renders just fine via both Safari and Chrome on the same iPhone being used for testing.

Does anyone know how to resolve this, and is anyone at Microsoft aware?