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What causes hardware behavior to change after a firmware update even when Windows remains unchanged?
Firmware updates modify the low-level code stored on your hardware devices, such as the motherboard UEFI, SSD controller, or network adapter, which directly changes how they interpret and execute com...
Your hardware devices contain their own embedded software, typically stored in flash memory on the device itself. This firmware runs at a level below the operating system (ring -1 or -2 in security terms), meaning it has direct control over the physical behavior of the hardware.