"Something went wrong" on Windows 11 update

The SFC error is actually a useful clue here, because it usually means the Windows Modules Installer service is not running, so try setting that service to Manual, starting it, and then running SFC and DISM again from an elevated Command Prompt. While you are there, also check that the Background Intelligent Transfer Service and Windows Update services are set to start properly rather than just showing as running. For the Settings crash itself, try signing into a fresh local administrator account and opening Windows Update there, since that quickly tells you whether your user profile is part of the problem. If that still fails, I would try the in-place upgrade again from installation media with the internet disconnected and any third-party security software fully removed first, as that is the step most likely to repair the system while keeping your apps in place. Before you do anything drastic, make a full backup and a note of your existing product key, so you are not relying on the old installation to keep it safe.