It seems most of my Windows 10 apps exit immediately when trying to run them

Hello sj3vans, 

Try to re-register apps. Perform these steps:

1. Search for Windows PowerShell using Cortana or Windows Search.

2. From results, right click on Windows PowerShell and select Run as administrator.

3. Then type following command and press Enter key:

Get-AppXPackage | Foreach {Add-AppxPackage -DisableDevelopmentMode -Register "$($_.InstallLocation)\AppXManifest.xml"}

Let the command complete.

4. Close Windows PowerShell and see if the issue is resolved now.

Let us know if this helps!