[Need help] Sharepoint Document libraries - Manage columns - only have custom columns on one level?

Irwin1337 Unfortunately, it is not possible to show the different columns for folders and files in the SharePoint document library.

This is how SharePoint document libraries work. When you add a column in document library view, it is added at library level & not folder/file level.

So, if you change any library view settings (like grouping/filtering/sorting), change will be applied at document library level & not folder/file level.

If you want to show the same deadline column values for files inside the folder as well (without manually entering it for each file inside the folder), you should use Document Sets in SharePoint document library.

Check: Introduction to Document Sets 

Related read: Different column view for Folders vs Files in SharePoint Document Library 

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