Join us at SQLCon 2026
SQLCon 2026, the premier Microsoft SQL Community Conference, is co-located with the Microsoft Fabric Community Conference (FabCon) from March 16-20, 2026! Register today! This year, your Azure Data Community worlds collide, bringing the SQL and Fabric communities together for a brand-new experience. If you're passionate about SQL Server, Azure SQL, SQL in Fabric, SQL Tools, migration and modernization, database security, or building AI-powered apps with SQL, SQLCon 2026 is the place for you. We're bringing you an amazing keynote in the State Farm Arena, 50+ breakout sessions, and 4 expert-led workshops designed to help you optimize, innovate, and connect just on SQL alone! Join us in Atlanta where we're going to renew the SQL Community spirit - rebuild & reconnect with your networks, friendships, and career-building opportunities. SQLCon is just one part of our renewed commitment to connect at conferences, user groups, online, and at regional events. In a few words, we miss you. Why are SQLCon + FabCon better together? One registration, double the value: Register for either conference and get full access to both - mix and match sessions, keynotes, and community events to fit your interests. Shared spaces, shared energy: Enjoy the same expo hall, registration desk, conference app, and community lounge. Network with peers across the data platform spectrum. Unforgettable experiences: Join us for both keynotes at the State Farm Arena and celebrate at the legendary attendee party at the Georgia Aquarium. Register today and save $200 with code SQLCMTY200. Register Now! Let's build the future of data together. See you at SQLCon + FabCon!SQL + AI: Get ready for a fun new experience, launching next week!
The SQL community is leveling up! We’re launching a lightweight, beginner friendly SQL + AI contest designed to spark awareness of SQL Server 2025’s new AI capabilities—from connecting to an AI model, to generating embeddings, to exploring what’s possible when natural language intelligence meets your database. Building on the momentum, each week in February unlocks a new chapter of the story - from your first steps connecting SQL to AI, to exploring embeddings, to experimenting with lightweight RAG patterns, and finally orchestrating full end-to-end workflows. This will be hands-on, guided, and fun! You don’t need to be an AI expert to participate. Each challenge builds on the last, helping you discover what’s possible when SQL’s new capabilities meet real world scenarios — all in a fun, approachable format designed to spark curiosity and get people talking. Join us for some SQL fun starting next week, February 5th! Stay tuned to this post for more details! Get ready to build, discover, and play. SQL + AI is here.Creating a Contained Availability Group and Enabling Database Creation via CAG Listener
A Contained Availability Group (CAG) is designed to simplify high availability and disaster recovery by encapsulating system databases (master, msdb) within the availability group itself. This means that logins, jobs, credentials, and other metadata are automatically replicated across replicas, eliminating the need for manual synchronization and reducing operational complexity. Starting with SQL Server 2025 CU1, you can create or restore databases directly through the CAG listener - without connecting to the physical instance - by enabling a session context key or by using the automated stored procedure [msdb].[dbo].sp_sysutility_cag_create_db. Why Contained AGs Matter Self-contained HA unit: Each CAG has its own copy of master and msdb, making it independent of the physical SQL instance. Simplified failover: When the AG fails over, all associated metadata moves with it, ensuring applications continue to function without manual intervention. Improved automation: Supports scenarios where direct access to the SQL instance is restricted, enabling operations through the AG listener. Enhanced security: Reduces exposure by limiting instance-level access; operations can be scoped to the AG context. Streamlined management: Eliminates the need for login and job replication scripts across replicas. Step 1: Prepare the Database for Availability Group This example uses SQL Server on Linux; however, the steps are identical for SQL Server on Windows. In this walkthrough, an existing database named CAGDB is added to a Contained Availability Group (CAG). Before adding the database to the CAG, verify that it is configured for FULL recovery mode and perform a full database backup. ALTER DATABASE CAGDB SET RECOVERY FULL; GO BACKUP DATABASE CAGDB TO DISK = N'/var/opt/mssql/backups/CAGDB.bak' WITH INIT, COMPRESSION; GO Note: On Linux, ensure that the backup target directory exists and is owned by the mssql user. sudo mkdir -p /var/opt/mssql/backups sudo chown mssql:mssql /var/opt/mssql/backups Step 2: Create the Contained Availability Group On your Linux SQL Server nodes, run: CREATE AVAILABILITY GROUP [CAGDemo] WITH ( CLUSTER_TYPE = EXTERNAL, CONTAINED ) FOR DATABASE [CAGDB] REPLICA ON N'node1' WITH ( ENDPOINT_URL = N'tcp://node1:5022', AVAILABILITY_MODE = SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT, FAILOVER_MODE = EXTERNAL, SEEDING_MODE = AUTOMATIC ), N'node2' WITH ( ENDPOINT_URL = N'tcp://node2:5022', AVAILABILITY_MODE = SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT, FAILOVER_MODE = EXTERNAL, SEEDING_MODE = AUTOMATIC ); GO #Connect to secondary replicas and join the AG: ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP [CAGDemo] JOIN WITH (CLUSTER_TYPE = EXTERNAL); ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP [CAGDemo] GRANT CREATE ANY DATABASE; Step 3: Configure Listener and Connect Create a listener and connect using SSMS or sqlcmd: ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP [CAGDemo] ADD LISTENER N'CAGDemoListener' ( WITH IP ( (N'*.*.*.*', N'255.255.255.0') ), PORT = 1453 ); GO Step 4: Connect to CAGDemoListener and attempt Database Creation (Failure) When connected through the listener: CREATE DATABASE TestCAGDB; Result:\ Msg 262, Level 14, State 1: CREATE DATABASE is not allowed in this context.\ This happens because database creation is blocked by default in a contained AG session. Step 5: Enable Database Creation in CAG Session or Instance master EXEC sp_set_session_context = N'allow_cag_create_db', @value = 1; This enables database creation for your current session. Step 5: Retry Database Creation (Success) CREATE DATABASE TestCAGDB; Result: Database created successfully within the contained AG context. Only users with dbcreator role in the CAG context can perform this action. Step 6: Backup the database. ALTER DATABASE TestCAGDB SET RECOVERY FULL; BACKUP DATABASE TestCAGDB TO DISK = N'/var/opt/mssql/data/backups/TestCAGDB.bak'; Step 7: Add database to the CAG ALTER AVAILABILITY GROUP [CAGDemo] ADD DATABASE [TestCAGDB]; Automation: To automate Steps 4 through 7, execute the following stored procedure while connected through the CAG Listener context. EXEC [msdb].[dbo].sp_sysutility_cag_create_db @database_name = [ADVENTUREWORKS]; Conclusion Contained Availability Groups represent a major step forward in simplifying high availability for SQL Server. By encapsulating system databases within the AG context, they eliminate the complexity of synchronizing logins, jobs, and credentials across replicas. With the new capability in SQL Server 2025 CU1 to create or restore databases directly through the AG listener using sp_set_session_context, organizations can streamline automation and reduce operational overhead. References What Is a Contained Availability Group Deploy a Pacemaker Cluster for SQL Server on LinuxAnnouncing GA of SQL Server 2025 on RHEL 10 and Ubuntu 24.04, with additional enhancements for Linux deployments
We are excited to announce the General Availability (GA) of SQL Server 2025 on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 10 and Ubuntu 24.04, starting with the CU1 release. This milestone empowers enterprises to deploy SQL Server 2025 on the latest Linux distributions, ensuring robust compatibility, enhanced security, and optimal performance for mission-critical workloads. The GA reinforces our commitment to delivering a modern, secure, and AI-ready database platform across diverse Linux environments. CU1 Release Highlights Key Features: Production-Ready Support: GA support for RHEL 10 and Ubuntu 24.04, enabling production deployments on the newest Linux platforms. Important: Update your SQL Server repository To ensure you are installing the production-ready GA version of SQL Server 2025, it is essential to update your repository from mssql-server-preview.repo to mssql-server-2025.repo. Continuing to use the preview repository may result in installing pre-release builds that are not intended for production workloads. You can proceed with the installation steps as described in the official documentation: RHEL: Install SQL Server on Linux Ubuntu: Install SQL Server on Linux Enable database creation or restoration in Contained Availability Group sessions You can now use the session context key 'allow_cag_create_db' set via the existing stored procedure sp_set_session_contex to enable database creation and restoration directly within a contained availability group (CAG) session through the CAG listener. Only users with the dbcreator role can create databases in a CAG session, and only users with the db_owner or sysadmin role can restore databases. Example: EXEC sp_set_session_context @key = N'allow_cag_create_db', @value = 1; This command enables the feature for your session. To disable it, set @value = 0. Enhanced Observability: SQL Server 2025 on Linux introduces new Dynamic Management Views (DMVs) that provides comprehensive, system-level insights. These DMVs collect and expose metrics from the underlying operating system, allowing administrators to monitor and diagnose not only SQL Server’s performance, but also the impact of other processes running on the same host. This holistic visibility helps distinguish between issues caused by SQL Server and those originating from other workloads or infrastructure bottlenecks, enabling more effective troubleshooting and optimization for mission-critical deployments. sys.dm_os_linux_cpu_stats: Enables users to identify CPU saturation, investigate I/O waits, analyze system responsiveness, and correlate SQL Server performance with broader OS activity, helping to separate database-specific bottlenecks from infrastructure-wide challenges. sys.dm_os_linux_disk_stats: Facilitates detection of log flush slowness, assessment of checkpoint or read-heavy workloads, and identification of external I/O pressure from noisy neighbors on shared hosts, helping teams optimize storage tiers and queue settings. sys.dm_os_linux_net_stats: Provides real-time visibility into network interface statistics, enabling proactive monitoring and troubleshooting of connectivity and throughput issues. Collectively, these DMVs equip database professionals with actionable, OS-level metrics to maintain stability, optimize performance, and ensure reliability in mission-critical Linux deployments. References What’s New in SQL Server 2025 Contained Availability Group You can share your feedback using any of the following methods: Submit your ideas on Azure Ideas (Use the SQL Server on Linux Group on the left side of the page) Alternatively, you can open issues: Issues · microsoft/mssql-docker (github.com) on GitHub. We hope you give SQL Server 2025 CU1 on RHEL10 or Ubuntu 24.04 a try - and we look forward to hearing what you think!
Deprecation Announcement: SSRS/PBIRS and SSAS Management Packs for SCOM
Microsoft is announcing the deprecation of the System Center Operations Manager (SCOM) Management Packs (MPs) for: SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) and Power BI Report Server (PBIRS) SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) These management packs will remain available through January 2027, after which they will no longer be supported.
Announcing SQLCon 2026: Better Together with FabCon!
We’re thrilled to unveil SQLCon 2026, the premier Microsoft SQL Community Conference, co-located with the Microsoft Fabric Community Conference (FabCon) from March 16–20, 2026! This year, we’re bringing the best of both worlds under one roof—uniting the vibrant SQL and Fabric communities for a truly next-level experience. Whether you’re passionate about SQL Server, Azure SQL, SQL in Fabric, SQL Tools, migration and modernization, database security, or building AI-powered apps with SQL, SQLCon 2026 has you covered. Dive into 50+ breakout sessions and 4 expert-led workshops designed to help you optimize, innovate, and connect. Why are SQLCon + FabCon better together? One registration, double the value: Register for either conference and get full access to both—mix and match sessions, keynotes, and community events to fit your interests. Shared spaces, shared energy: Enjoy the same expo hall, registration desk, conference app, and community lounge. Network with peers across the data platform spectrum. Unforgettable experiences: Join us for both keynotes at the State Farm Arena and celebrate at the legendary attendee party at the Georgia Aquarium. Our goal is to reignite the SQL Community spirit—restoring the robust networks, friendships, and career-building opportunities that make this ecosystem so special. SQLCon is just the beginning of a renewed commitment to connect at conferences, user groups, online, and at regional events. Early Access Pricing Extended! Register by November 14th and save $200 with code SQLCMTY200. Register Now! Want to share your expertise? The Call for Content is open until November 20th for both conferences! Let’s build the future of data—together. See you at SQLCon + FabCon!
Resource governor - a new beginning
Executive summary In addition to increased CPU and memory limits, we are making another change to benefit customers using the SQL Server Standard edition. Starting with SQL Server 2025, resource governor, previously an Enterprise edition feature, is also available in the Standard edition. A powerful tool Resource governor has been a part of SQL Server for more than 15 years. It’s a powerful, full-featured tool that improves reliability when multiple applications or users share resources on the same SQL Server instance. We rely on Resource Governor to isolate workloads on our SQL Server instances by controlling CPU and memory usage. It helps us ensure that the core of our trading systems remains stable and runs with predictable performance, even when other parts of the systems share the same servers. - Ola Hallengren, Chief Data Platforms Engineer at Saxo Bank and a Data Platform MVP Yet when we ask customers if they use resource governor, a frequent answer is "We can't. We are on Standard edition." Indeed, ever since its initial release, resource governor has been an Enterprise-only feature. That made it less known and less commonly used than it deserves. We heard and acted on your feedback. Starting with SQL Server 2025, resource governor is available in both Standard and Enterprise editions, with identical capabilities. This includes the respective Developer editions as well. In Azure SQL Managed Instance, resource governor is already available in all service tiers. What can it do? Here are just some of the things you can accomplish using resource governor: Limit or reserve CPU bandwidth and IOPS for a workload. Limit the size of query memory grants or reserve memory for query processing. Limit the total number of running requests (queries) for a workload. Abort query batches that exceed a specified amount of CPU time. Set a hard cap on the maximum degree of parallelism (MAXDOP) for queries. (New in SQL Server 2025) Limit the amount of tempdb space a workload can use (blog | doc). Whether you are on Standard or Enterprise edition, if you haven't used resource governor yet, see what it can do for you. To help you learn, we have a new step-by-step guide with best practices and examples, from simple to more advanced. There is also a separate guide focusing on the new tempdb space governance feature. Conclusion With this change, customers on Standard edition get a powerful enterprise-grade tool to control resource contention and improve reliability of their SQL Server environments. We encourage you to learn more about resource governor to understand the full range of its capabilities. Have questions or feedback? Post a comment on this blog post, an idea at https://aka.ms/sqlfeedback, or email us at sql-rg-feedback@microsoft.com. Let’s make resource governor a standard (😊) tool in your toolset!SQL Server 2025 is Now Generally Available
Today at Ignite, we announce the general availability of SQL Server 2025. This marks the latest milestone in the more than 30-year history of SQL Server. It is also a key part of our commitment to the one consistent SQL promise, delivering consistent experience across on-premises, cloud, and SaaS environments, with one engine and one unified platform. Built on SQL Server’s foundation of best-in-class security, performance and availability, SQL Server 2025 is the AI-ready enterprise database and it redefines what's possible for enterprise data. With built-in AI and developer-first enhancements, SQL Server 2025 empowers customers to accelerate AI innovation using the data they already have, securely and at scale, all within SQL Server using the familiar T-SQL language. SQL Server 2025 is designed to meet customers where they are, whether on-premises, in the cloud, or in hybrid environments, helping you build intelligent, secure, scalable, and consistent solutions that drive real business outcomes. SQL Server 2025 is experiencing significant momentum, as evidenced by 10,000 organizations participating in the public preview and 100,000 active SQL Server 2025 databases. Leading customers like Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), Infios, and Buhler are already advancing with SQL Server 2025, supported by a robust ecosystem of technology partners including AMD, Canonical, HPE, Lenovo, NVIDIA, Pure Storage and Red Hat. Key Innovations in SQL Server 2025 AI built-in AI is now integrated directly into the SQL Server engine, enabling advanced semantic search for deeper insights and natural language experiences across enterprise data. Model management is built into T-SQL, supporting seamless integration with Microsoft Foundry, Azure OpenAI Service, OpenAI, Ollama, and more—deployable securely anywhere, from on premises to the cloud. Developers can easily switch between models without changing code, and essential AI building blocks like vector embedding, text chunking, and DiskANN indexing are natively supported. Integration with frameworks such as LangChain and Semantic Kernel accelerates AI-powered app development. At Ivanti, our mission is to elevate human potential by managing, protecting, and automating technology to drive continuous innovation. SQL Server 2025 plays a crucial role in helping us achieve this goal. By harnessing the advanced capabilities of SQL Server 2025 and Azure OpenAI, we are building intelligent, agentic tools that empower customers to access knowledge and resolve incidents faster. Sirjad Parakkat, Vice President, AI Engineering | Ivanti Made for developers This release is the most significant for SQL developers in a decade, streamlining development and boosting productivity. Native JSON support, REST APIs,RegEx and Fuzzy string match enable richer data enrichment and validation. Change event streaming allows real-time, event-driven applications by streaming changes directly from transaction to Azure Event Hubs, reducing resource overhead compared to CDC. SQL Tooling SQL Server 2025 delivers major updates across the data platform. SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS 22) is now generally available, offering official support for SQL Server 2025, enhanced AI assistance, and ARM64 support. SSMS 22 also includes AI assistance when you install the GitHub Copilot workload, which leverages the same GitHub subscription you use with GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio or VS Code. The Microsoft Python Driver for SQL Server (mssql-python) is generally available, providing a modern, high-performance connector with Entra ID authentication. "SQL Server 2025 offers two major functionalities which are very important to us and will bring SQL Server into the future – native API calls and RAG. In the past we’ve had to use custom assemblies for making API calls, which can be a huge problem when you have to make hundreds of thousands of API calls and the remote systems are slow to respond, creating large queues and high CPU load in SQL. With RAG and vector search, we can now implement countless AI possibilities, making data searchable in ways previously impossible.” Alex Ivanov, CTO, eDynamix Best-in-class security, performance, and availability SQL Server 2025 builds on its foundation as the most secure database in the last decade, introducing modern identity and encryption practices, including Microsoft Entra managed identities for improved credential management. Optimized locking reduces lock memory consumption, minimizes blocking, and boosts concurrency. Tempdb space resource governance improves server reliability. Optional parameter plan optimization makes query performance more stable. SQL Server 2025 continues to strengthen its mission-critical capabilities with enhancements to Always On availability groups (AGs) and disaster recovery options. The focus is on faster failover, improved diagnostics, and hybrid flexibility. Preliminary benchmarks show SQL Server 2025 running on AMD EPYC processors with HPE hardware delivers measurable gains in performance and value. For performance, the 10TB workload sets a new record for SQL Server. In price-performance, SQL Server 2025 achieves a 4% improvement in the 3TB category compared to previous results. “At Infios, we are very excited about several new features in SQL Server 2025 and the vast amount of opportunities for performance improvements. We are most excited about the optimized locking feature and how that can drastically help reduce locking across our customers and all their unique workloads. Optional Parameter Plan Optimization (OPPO) could also be huge for us with SQL Server being able to reduce parameter sniffing issues. Persisted statistics on secondary replicas will also be beneficial for the rare occurrence that we have a failover event. While we’ve been pleased with all the improvements to tempdb in previous versions, resource governance to prevent runaway queries and consuming large amounts of disk space in SQL 2025 is a big improvement for us. ” Tim Radney, SaaS Operations Manager, Infios Cloud agility through Azure and Fabric SQL Server 2025 enhances cloud agility with support for database mirroring in Fabric, enabling near real-time analytics with zero-ETL and offloading analytical workloads. Azure Arc integration continues to provide unified management, security, and governance for SQL estates across on-premises and cloud environments, empowering organizations to scale and modernize with confidence. “With Fabric Mirroring in SQL Server 2025, ExponentHR can effortlessly mirror numerous datasets to fabric, enabling near real-time analytics. This technology has alleviated the need for expensive and complex ETL operations and enables more productivity for our customers. Thanks to SQL Server 2025’s built-in cloud connectivity, we can directly process large amounts of data efficiently and overcome traditional bottlenecks.” -- Brent Carlson, IT Manager, ExponentHR SQL Server 2025 on Linux SQL Server 2025 on Linux introduces several important enhancements. Security is strengthened with TLS 1.3 support, custom password policies, and signed container images. Platform support expands to include RHEL 10 and Ubuntu 24.04, while performance is improved through tmpfs support for tempdb and container-based deployments. Advanced analytics are enabled with generic ODBC data source support via PolyBase. Developer experience is streamlined with Visual Studio Code integration for local container deployment using the mssql extension and validated deployment patterns in partnership with Red Hat, supporting modern workloads and AI scenarios across hybrid environments. "The work we’re doing with Microsoft to optimize SQL Server on Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a powerful testament to the strength of our collaboration. With the new features in SQL Server, including support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 and enabling streamlined deployment via Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform, we are making it easier than ever for customers to deploy and manage this critical workload across the hybrid cloud. This collaboration extends beyond just enabling core performance to deliver innovative, validated patterns, such as leveraging Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI with SQL Server for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and generative AI scenarios, and providing a more consistent experience for customers, whether they are deploying via the Azure Marketplace or on-premises. Our mutual goal is to minimize complexity, increase confidence and help enterprises harness the full potential of their data and AI investments on a trusted, open foundation." - Gunner Hellekson, Vice President and General Manager, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Red Hat SQL Server 2025 on Azure Virtual Machines Run SQL Server 2025—any edition, Standard, Enterprise, Enterprise Developer, or the new Standard Developer Edition—on Azure Virtual Machines, using optimized VM families like Mbdsv3, Ebdsv5/6, and FXmdsv2 for high performance. Pair with Premium SSD v2 or Ultra Disk storage to achieve fast throughput, low latency, and excellent scalability. Deploy quickly from the Azure portal with features including configurable settings, flexible licensing, storage setup for data, logs, and tempdb, automated patching, and Best Practice Assessment (BPA). Get started today to leverage SQL Server 2025 and Azure’s high performance and flexibility. Preview Features & Flexibility In SQL Server 2025, customers can explore new database features using an opt-in mechanism through database-scoped configurations. Certain features, such as vector indexes, are introduced this way, allowing customers to try them in preview even while SQL Server is generally available. These features will become fully available in a future SQL Server 2025 update, at which point the database-scoped configuration will no longer be required. Our goal is to make preview features generally available within approximately 12 months, guided by customer feedback and our commitment to delivering high-quality experiences. Learn more. Product Changes SQL Server 2025 brings important changes to the product lineup. Standard edition changes: Resource limits have increased to support up to 32 cores and 256 GB of memory. Resource governor is now available in Standard edition. The newly launched Standard Developer edition offers full feature parity with the Standard edition, enabling development and testing that mirrors production environment capabilities. Power BI Report Server entitlement is now included for all editions except the Express edition, adding value for customers. Express edition changes: The maximum database size is now increased to 50 GB per database. The Express Advanced mode has been consolidated into a single, unified SQL Express edition, featuring all feature capabilities that were available in Express Advanced. Discontinuing Web edition in SQL Server 2025 release: SQL Server 2022 is the final version of the Web edition, with SQL Server 2022 Web edition remaining supported until January 2033 in line with Microsoft’s fixed lifecycle policy. If you've been using the Web edition for cost-effective web applications, now is a great time to consider migrating to Azure SQL. Azure SQL offers an affordable, scalable solution that is well-suited for modern web workloads. For multi-tenant apps, Azure SQL Database elastic pools provide flexible pricing and easy management—making the move to Azure SQL a smart choice for future growth. If you remain on-premises or use Azure SQL Virtual Machines, upgrade to the Standard edition. Modern Reporting and Analytics On-premises SQL Server Reporting Service (SSRS) consolidated into Power BI Report Server is now the default reporting solution, unifying paginated and interactive reports for all paid SQL Server licenses. Learn more. SQL Server Analysis Services 2025 introduces major performance enhancements, including improved MDX query efficiency, parallel DirectQuery execution, and visual DAX calculations for simplified modeling. It also adds new DAX functions, client library updates, and deprecates PowerPivot for SharePoint, while discontinuing HTTP access via msmdpump.dll by default. Learn more. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) now introduces support for the Microsoft SqlClient Data Provider in ADO.NET connection manager, enhancing connectivity and modernizing data integration workflows. Learn more. Partner Momentum Partners such as AMD, Intel, and HPE are collaborating on advanced performance and high availability solutions, including benchmark testing on AMD EPYC and Intel Xeon processors, with HPE achieving world record results for performance and price/performance. NVIDIA is working with SQL Server 2025 to enable streamlined deployment of GPU-optimized AI models using built-in REST APIs, supporting flexible AI workloads across environments. Pure Storage is delivering high availability and fast backup solutions through deep integration with SQL Server 2025, including metadata-aware snapshots and automation for simplified operations. Additionally, Microsoft works closely with partners like Canonical and Red Hat to ensure SQL Server is integrated seamlessly and operates effectively within the Linux ecosystem, providing customers with robust and reliable database solutions across a broader range of environments. Get Started Today SQL Server 2025 reaffirms Microsoft’s commitment to innovation, performance, and developer empowerment. We thank our customers, partners, and community for your ongoing support and feedback. We look forward to seeing what you build next with the AI-ready enterprise database. Download SQL Server 2025 today One consistent SQL: the launchpad from legacy to innovation Learn more through documentation and our Mechanics video Master SQL Server 2025 with a full learning path and claim your badge Get started with Azure SQL Share your feedback at SQL CommunityIntroducing optimized locking v2
Executive summary New improvements in optimized locking further reduce the overhead of locks in the MSSQL database engine. For many transactions, row and page locks aren’t taken at all while still retaining ACID transaction semantics. The improvements require no changes in customer workloads or configuration and are a part of optimized locking in SQL Server 2025, Azure SQL Database, SQL database in Fabric, and Azure SQL Managed Instance. Optimized locking recap Optimized locking was originally released in Azure SQL Database in 2023. The feature has two components: Transaction ID (TID) locking Lock After Qualification (LAQ) With TID locking, while individual row and page locks are still taken, they are not held until the end of transaction because the transaction remains protected by a single TID lock. Concurrency is improved because lock escalation is much less likely to occur. Memory usage is also improved because locks are released soon after they are acquired. With LAQ, locks are taken just before a qualified row is modified. This optimistic locking strategy improves concurrency because locks aren’t held while qualifying rows for modification. At Infios, we are very excited about several new features in SQL Server 2025 and the vast amount of opportunities for performance improvements. We are most excited about the optimized locking feature and how that can drastically help reduce locking across our customers and all their unique workloads. - Tim Radney, SaaS Operations Manager at Infios and a Data Platform MVP Improvements In recent months, we have made two improvements that make a database more lock-free and make the benefits of optimized locking available to more workloads: Skip index locks (SIL) Query plan LAQ feedback persistence These improvements are in effect if read committed snapshot isolation (RCSI) is enabled for the database, which is the default in Azure SQL Database and SQL database in Fabric. To gain the most benefit from optimized locking, enable RCSI. Skip index locks With TID locking, lock escalation typically doesn’t occur because locks are released fast enough to avoid crossing the escalation threshold. A large transaction that modifies many rows without lock escalation must acquire and release many locks. These locks don’t consume a lot of memory because they are released quickly. However, each lock acquisition and release requires a call into the Lock Manager component within the engine. Cumulatively for a large transaction, the overhead of these calls might be significant. The SIL improvement reduces this overhead by skipping row and page locks when they are not required to guarantee ACID semantics. When transactions are protected by TID locks, and when RCSI and LAQ are used, an exclusive lock on a modified row is only necessary if there might be other queries accessing the row and expecting it to be stable. Examples of such queries are those that use the Repeatable Read or Serializable isolation levels, or the corresponding locking hints. We call such queries Row Locking Queries, or RLQ. In the SIL improvement, the engine was modified to maintain a special No-RLQ bit for each page in the buffer pool. This bit indicates the absence of RLQ queries accessing any row on the page. When this bit is set, a DML transaction can skip taking row and page locks and instead modify a row with just an exclusive page latch. Based on the Azure SQL Database telemetry, RLQ queries are uncommon in workloads using RCSI or snapshot isolation transactions. Telemetry also tells us that at least half of all DML queries, on average, use LAQ. This indicates that many workloads can benefit from the SIL improvement. Query plan LAQ feedback persistence LAQ uses an optimistic locking strategy. Locks are taken only after a row is qualified for modification, not while qualifying the row. This means that statement processing might need to be internally restarted if another transaction modified the row after it was read but before it was modified by the current transaction. If statement restarts happen frequently, the use of LAQ might introduce a noticeable overhead because the work to process the DML statement needs to be redone. The engine tracks the potentially wasted work and statement restarts. In the original version of optimized locking, this data is aggregated across all statements and tracked in memory at the database level. If the potentially wasted work or statement restarts exceed thresholds, LAQ is disabled for the entire database, and re-enabled if the potentially wasted work and restarts go below the thresholds. With the new improvement, in addition to tracking at the database level, the engine also tracks LAQ feedback at the query plan level and persists it in Query Store. If thresholds are exceeded for a particular query plan, LAQ is disabled only for that plan rather than for the entire database. The rest of the workload still benefits from LAQ. Skipping locks – a demo To demonstrate the SIL improvement, we used SQL Server 2025 to run a workload that executes an UPDATE statement 100 times in a loop. Each statement updates a random number of rows in a table with a clustered index. We used an extended events session with a histogram target to collect the lock_acquired event. Each histogram bucket counts the number of acquired locks for a specific resource type, including KEY and PAGE. Here are the results: For this execution of the demo, 99.6% of key locks and 79% of page locks are skipped. For details, see the Appendix later in this post. Improvement at the Azure scale To zoom out and demonstrate the SIL improvement broadly, the next chart summarizes telemetry data for about 25K databases in Azure SQL Database. The chart shows the ratio of the total skipped to total acquired locks by index type. Broadly, the improvement is most pronounced for nonclustered indexes, where 81% of locks are skipped. Conclusion Improvements in optimized locking show our continuing investment in this core database engine feature. We fine-tuned optimized locking beyond an already successful v1 release and further reduced the overhead of locks. For more information about these two improvements, see Skip index locks and LAQ heuristics. As of this writing, the improvements are enabled in SQL Server 2025 and for most databases in Azure SQL Database and SQL database in Fabric. The rollout to the remainder of the Azure SQL fleet including Azure SQL Managed Instance (with the always-up-to-date and SQL Server 2025 update policy) is in progress. Appendix Here are the T-SQL scripts to demonstrate SIL in action. Demo setup: /* /* Reset the demo */ USE tempdb; ALTER DATABASE olv2 SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE; DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS olv2; */ CREATE DATABASE olv2; GO USE olv2; /* Enable RCSI, ADR, and optimized locking */ ALTER DATABASE olv2 SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE; ALTER DATABASE olv2 SET ACCELERATED_DATABASE_RECOVERY = ON WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE; ALTER DATABASE olv2 SET OPTIMIZED_LOCKING = ON WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE; /* Create a sequence to generate clustered index keys */ CREATE SEQUENCE dbo.s_id AS int START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1; /* Create a test table */ CREATE TABLE dbo.t ( id int NOT NULL CONSTRAINT df_t_id DEFAULT (NEXT VALUE FOR dbo.s_id), dt datetime2 NOT NULL CONSTRAINT df_t_dt DEFAULT (SYSDATETIME()), u uniqueidentifier NOT NULL CONSTRAINT df_t_uid DEFAULT (NEWID()), s nchar(40) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT df_t_s DEFAULT (REPLICATE('c', 1 + 39 * RAND())), CONSTRAINT pk_t PRIMARY KEY (id) ); /* Insert 50,000 rows */ INSERT INTO dbo.t (s) SELECT REPLICATE('olv2', 10) AS s FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50000); GO /* Create a stored procedure that updates a random number of rows */ CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE dbo.update_rows AS SET NOCOUNT, XACT_ABORT ON; /* Get the maximum key value for the clustered index */ DECLARE @MaxKey int = ( SELECT CAST(current_value AS int) FROM sys.sequences WHERE name = 's_id' AND SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) = 'dbo' ); /* Get a random key value within the key range */ DECLARE @StartKey int = 1 + RAND(CAST(CAST(NEWID() AS varbinary(3)) AS int)) * @MaxKey; /* Get a random number of rows between 1 and 500 */ DECLARE @RowCount int = 1 + RAND() * 499; /* Update rows */ UPDATE TOP (@RowCount) dbo.t SET dt = DEFAULT, u = DEFAULT, s = DEFAULT WHERE id >= @StartKey; GO /* Create an event session to collect lock statistics */ IF EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM sys.server_event_sessions WHERE name = N'olv2_locks' ) DROP EVENT SESSION olv2_locks ON SERVER; CREATE EVENT SESSION olv2_locks ON SERVER ADD EVENT sqlserver.lock_acquired ( SET collect_database_name = 1 WHERE database_name = N'olv2' ) ADD TARGET package0.histogram ( SET filtering_event_name = N'sqlserver.lock_acquired', source = N'resource_type', source_type = 0 ); GO Execute the workload and collect a histogram of locks by resource type: USE olv2; ALTER EVENT SESSION olv2_locks ON SERVER STATE = START; GO EXEC dbo.update_rows; GO 100 WITH histogram_target AS ( SELECT TRY_CAST(st.target_data AS xml) AS target_data FROM sys.dm_xe_sessions AS s INNER JOIN sys.dm_xe_session_targets AS st ON s.address = st.event_session_address WHERE s.name = 'olv2_locks' ), lock_type_histogram AS ( SELECT hb.slot.value('(@count)[1]', 'bigint') AS slot_count, hb.slot.value('(value/text())[1]', 'int') AS lock_type FROM histogram_target AS ht CROSS APPLY ht.target_data.nodes('/HistogramTarget/Slot') AS hb(slot) ) SELECT mv.map_value AS lock_type_desc, lth.slot_count AS lock_acquired_count FROM lock_type_histogram AS lth INNER JOIN sys.dm_xe_map_values AS mv ON lth.lock_type = mv.map_key WHERE mv.name = 'lock_resource_type' ORDER BY lock_type_desc; ALTER EVENT SESSION olv2_locks ON SERVER STATE = STOP; GO Each workload run can produce slightly different results because other activities (query compilation, file growth, page splits, etc.) also take locks if they occur during the run. However, in this demo, the number of key locks with SIL enabled is always reduced. For comparison purposes, we used an undocumented and unsupported trace flag 7194 to disable SIL. To reenable SIL, disable this trace flag and then rerun ALTER DATABASE … SET OPTIMIZED_LOCKING = ON statement, or restart the database.Unlocking Enterprise AI: SQL Server 2025 and NVIDIA Nemotron RAG Accelerate AI
Today, most of the world’s data still remains untapped, sitting in databases, documents, and systems across organizations. Enterprises are racing to unlock this data’s value by building the next wave of generative AI applications—solutions that can answer questions, summarize documents, and drive smarter decisions. At the heart of these innovations are retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines, which enable users to interactively engage with large amount of data that continuously evolves. Yet, as promising as RAG pipelines are, enterprises face real challenges in making them work at scale. Handling both structured and unstructured data, processing massive volumes efficiently, and ensuring privacy and security are just a few hurdles. This is where the integration between SQL Server 2025 and NVIDIA Nemotron RAG models, deployed as NVIDIA NIM microservices, comes in, offering a new approach that streamlines AI deployment and delivers enterprise-grade performance—whether you’re running workloads in the cloud or on-premises. “As AI becomes core to every enterprise, organizations need efficient and compliant ways to bring intelligence to their data,” said Joey Conway, Senior Director of Generative AI software at NVIDIA. “With SQL Server 2025’s built-in AI and NVIDIA Nemotron RAG, deployed as NIM microservices, enterprises can deploy and run AI models close to their data on premises or in the cloud without complex integration, accelerating innovation while maintaining data sovereignty and control.” Overcoming the complexity of generating embeddings at scale Customer challenge Building responsive AI applications using RAG requires converting SQL data into vector embeddings—a process that feeds huge amounts of text through complex neural networks. This is inherently parallel and compute-intensive, often creating performance bottlenecks that prevent real-time data indexing. The result? Slow applications and poor user experiences. Moreover, enterprises need flexibility. Different embedding models excel at different tasks—semantic search, recommendations, classification—and each comes with its own tradeoffs in accuracy, speed, and cost. Businesses want to mix and match models, balance premium performance with budget constraints, and stay resilient against model deprecation or API changes. Furthermore, rapid experimentation and adaptation are key to staying ahead and thus developers want models that offer flexible customization and full transparency. The Solution: SQL Server 2025 + NVIDIA Nemotron RAG SQL Server 2025 brings AI closer to your data, allowing you to natively and securely connect to any model hosted anywhere. You can generate embeddings directly in SQL using extensions to T-SQL —no need for new languages, frameworks, or third-party tools. By connecting SQL Server 2025 to the llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2 embedding model from NVIDIA, you eliminate bottlenecks and deliver the massive throughput needed for real-time embedding generation. llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2 is a best in class embedding model that offers multilingual and cross-lingual text question-answering retrieval with long context support and optimized data storage. This model is part of NVIDIA Nemotron RAG models, a collection of extraction, embedding, reranking models, fine-tuned with the Nemotron RAG datasets and scripts, to achieve the best accuracy. These models offer flexible customization, enabling easy fine-tuning and rapid experimentation. They also offer full transparency with open access to models, datasets, and scripts. Llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2 is the model of choice for embedding workflows, but this high-speed inference pipeline is not limited to this model and can potentially call any optimized AI model as an NVIDIA NIM microservice, seamlessly powering every stage of the RAG pipeline. From multimodal data ingestion and advanced retrieval to reranking, all operations run directly on your data within SQL Server. Such RAG systems can be applied across a wide range of use cases, enabling intelligent, context-aware applications across industries. Customer Benefits: With GPU acceleration and built-in AI of SQL Server 2025, you can achieve optimal inference, ensuring performance that meets the demands of modern applications. Our flexible approach lets you mix and match models to suit different use cases, striking the right balance between accuracy and cost. And with open models that enable vendor flexibility and rapid adaptation, you gain resilience to stay ahead of the curve in an ever-changing AI landscape. Streamlining AI Model Deployment with Enterprise-Grade Confidence Customer Challenge Integrating advanced AI models into enterprise workflows has historically been slow and complex. Specialized teams must manage intricate software dependencies, configure infrastructure, and handle ongoing maintenance—all while navigating the risks of deploying unsupported models in mission-critical environments. This complexity slows innovation, drains engineering resources, and increases risk. The Solution: Simplified, Secure Model Deployment with NVIDIA NIM This collaboration simplifies and de-risks AI deployment. The llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2 model is available as an NVIDIA NIM microservice for secure, reliable deployment across multiple Azure compute platforms. Prebuilt NIM containers for a broad spectrum of AI models and can be deployed with a single command for easy integration into enterprise-grade AI applications using built-in REST APIs of SQL Server 2025 and just a few lines of code, regardless where you run SQL Server workloads and NVIDIA NIM, on premises or in the cloud. NIM containers package the latest AI models together with the best inference technology from NVIDIA and the community and all dependencies into a ready-to-run container, abstracting away the complexity of environment setup so customers can spin up AI services quickly. Furthermore, NVIDIA NIM is enterprise-grade and is continuously managed by NVIDIA with dedicated software branches, rigorous validation processes, and support. As a result, developers can confidently integrate state-of-the-art AI into their data applications. This streamlined approach significantly reduces development overhead and provides the reliability needed for mission-critical enterprise systems. NVIDIA NIM containers are discoverable and deployable via Microsoft Azure AI Foundry’s model catalog. Customer Benefits Rapid deployment with minimal setup means you can start leveraging AI without specialized engineering, and SQL Server 2025 makes it even easier with built-in support for AI workloads and native REST APIs. Enterprise-grade security and monitoring ensure safe, reliable operations, while SQL Server’s integration with Entra ID and advanced compliance features provide added protection. Direct integration into SQL workflows reduces complexity and risk, and with SQL Server’s hybrid flexibility, you can run seamlessly across on-premises and cloud environments—simplifying modernization while maintaining control. Innovating Without Compromise on Security or Flexibility Customer Challenge Organizations in regulated industries often face a tough choice: adopt powerful AI or maintain strict data residency and compliance. Moving sensitive data to external services is often not an option, and many companies run AI inference workloads both in the cloud and on-premises to balance scalability, privacy, regulatory compliance, and low-latency requirements. The Solution: Flexible, Secure Integration—On-Premises and Cloud SQL Server 2025 enables organizations in regulated environments to securely integrate locally hosted AI models, ensuring data residency and compliance while minimizing network overhead. This architecture boosts throughput by keeping sensitive data on-premises and leveraging SQL Server’s native extensibility for direct model invocation. With SQL Server 2025 and Nemotron RAG, deployed as NVIDIA NIM microservices, you get the best of both worlds. This solution can be seamlessly deployed in the cloud with serverless NVIDIA GPUs on Azure Container Apps (ACA) or on-premises with NVIDIA GPUs on Azure Local. Sensitive data never leaves your secure environment, allowing you to harness the full power of Nemotron models while maintaining complete data sovereignty and meeting the strictest compliance mandates. Customer Benefits SQL Server 2025 helps you maintain compliance by supporting data residency and meeting regulatory standard requirements across regions. Sensitive data stays protected on-premises with enterprise-grade security, including consistent access controls, ledger support, and advanced encryption to minimize risk. At the same time, SQL Server’s hybrid flexibility lets you deploy AI workloads wherever they’re needed—on-premises, in the cloud, or across a hybrid environment—while leveraging built-in AI features like vector search and secure integration with locally hosted models for performance and control. Conclusion: Powering the Next Wave of Enterprise AI The collaboration between Microsoft and NVIDIA is more than a technical integration. It’s designed to help enterprises overcome the toughest challenges in AI deployment. By streamlining vector embedding and vector search, delivering enterprise-grade performance, and enabling secure, flexible integration across cloud and on-premises environments, this joint solution empowers organizations to unlock the full value of their data. Whether you’re building conversational AI, automating document analysis, or driving predictive insights, SQL Server 2025 and NVIDIA Nemotron RAG models, deployed as NIM, provide the tools you need to innovate with confidence. The future of enterprise AI is here and it’s flexible, secure, and built for real business impact. Get started today: Learn more about SQL Server 2025 and download it today Learn more about our joint solution from NVIDIA’s Technical Blog GitHub: Microsoft SQL Server 2025 and NVIDIA Nemotron RAG
