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Exam review: AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals
Resources and tips for passing the AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals exam.
SoniaCuff
May 01, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
148KViews
26likes
24Comments
How to use Terraform to Create Azure DevOps Projects
With the recent release by HashiCorp and Microsoft of the Azure DevOps Provider 0.0.1 for Terraform we look at how to use these new features to create repeatable standardized projects into Azure DevOps.
chrisjeffreyuk
Apr 30, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
25KViews
6likes
3Comments
Step-by-Step Guide : How to enable QR code authentication for Microsoft Entra ID (Preview) ?
Microsoft Entra ID supports a long list of Authentication methods. Windows Hello for Business Microsoft Authenticator app Authenticator Lite Passkey (FIDO2) Certificate-based authentication Hardware OATH tokens (preview) Software OATH tokens External authentication methods (preview) Temporary Access Pass (TAP) Short Message Service (SMS) sign-in and verification Voice call verification Password This enables organizations to select the most secure and productive authentication methods for their business. While the most secure method may not always be the most productive, and vice versa, having a variety of supported authentication methods helps to strike a balance between these two aspects. Microsoft Entra ID now supports QR authentication, a method specifically designed for frontline workers who use shared devices. This provides a convenient and secure login experience for these workers. How it works ? 1) An account with Authentication Policy Administrator permission or higher can enable QR code as an authentication method. 2) Once the method is enabled, a QR code and temporary PIN can be generated for the user. 3) The QR code should be made available to the user. It can be downloaded, printed, or added to a badge. 4) The QR code is unique but cannot be used without the PIN. 5) The temporary PIN must be reset when the user authenticates for the first time. 6) Once the QR code and PIN are set up, the user can use them for subsequent logins. Things to remember ! 1) QR authentication is designed for frontline workers and should not be widely used. Phishing-resistant authentication is recommended wherever possible. 2) Do not enable this authentication method for all users; only enable it for required users. 3) QR authentication is currently only supported on mobile devices running iOS/iPadOS or Android. 4) QR authentication does not allow self-service PIN reset for users. In this blog post I am going to demonstrate how to configure QR authentication for the Microsoft Entra ID users. Let’s start with enabling authentication method. Log in to the Entra admin portal at https://entra.microsoft.com/as an Authentication Policy Administrator or higher. Navigate to Protection | Authentication Methods. Under Policies, click on QR code (Preview). In the QR code (Preview) settings page, click on Enable to turn on the authentication method. Then, select the relevant user group as the target. Click on the Configure tab. Here, you can adjust the PIN length and the lifetime of the QR code. The default is 365 days, but it can be extended up to 395 days. Once changes are made, click on Save to apply them. This enables the QR code as an authentication method for the tenant. Next, let's see how to generate a QR code for a user. Generate QR code authentication for a user To generate QR code for user, Navigate to Users | All users. Select the user from the target group configured in the previous section. Click on Authentication methods. Click on + Add authentication method. From the dropdown, select QR code (Preview). In the settings page, define the expiration date and activation time. Click on Generate PIN to create a temporary PIN. Note down the PIN and click on Add. This will generate the QR code. Download it for use with authentication. Now that we have generated a QR code for a user, let's proceed with some testing. Testing For testing, I used an iOS device to log in to the office portal. On the login page, I typed the username and then clicked on Sign-in options. In the Sign-in options page, I selected Sign in to an organization. On the next page, I chose Sign in with QR code. I clicked on Allow to grant access to the camera. After that, I scanned the QR code downloaded in the previous step. Once the QR code was successfully detected, I entered the temporary PIN that was generated and clicked on Sign in. On the next page, I was prompted to define a new PIN since this was the first login. After defining the PIN, I clicked on Sign in. As expected, I was able to log in successfully. This marks the end of the blog post, and I believe you now have a better understanding of how to enable and use QR code for authentication.
dishanfrancis
Apr 15, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
1.7KViews
2likes
0Comments
Step-by-Step Guide : How to use Temporary Access Pass (TAP) with internal guest users
Passwords are fundamentally weak and vulnerable to being compromised. Even enhancing a password only delays an attack; it does not render it unbreakable. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) offers more security but still depends on passwords. This is why passwordless authentication is a more secure and convenient alternative. Source : https://learn.microsoft.com/entra/identity/authentication/media/concept-authentication-passwordless/passwordless-convenience-security.png Microsoft Entra ID supports password less authentication natively. It supports six different password less authentication options. Windows Hello for Business Platform Credential for macOS Platform single sign-on (PSSO) for macOS with smart card authentication Microsoft Authenticator Passkeys (FIDO2) Certificate-based authentication Based on the organisation's requirements, they can select the most convenient options. However, the initial setup requires a method to authenticate the user before onboarding other passwordless authentication methods. For this, we can use: 1) Existing Microsoft MFA methods 2) Temporary Access pass (TAP) A Temporary Access Pass (TAP) is a time-limited passcode that can be configured for single use or multiple sign-ins. Organisations not only have internal users to manage but also guest users. Until now, the TAP method was only available for internal users, and guest users were not permitted to use this method. This makes sense because if guest users also need to use passwordless authentication, it should occur in their home tenant. But now Entra ID supports TAP for “Internal Guest” users. Internal Guests Guest users are typically categorised as user accounts that exist in a remote tenant. However, some organisations prefer to use user accounts in their own directory but with guest-level access. This is typically for contractors, suppliers, vendors, etc. These are known as 'internal guest accounts'. Such accounts were also used for guest users in the past when B2B collaboration wasn't in place. In this demo I am going to demonstrate how to use TAP with internal Guest user. Enable TAP as Authentication method Before we configure TAP for user we need to make sure TAP is enabled as authentication method. To do that, Log in to the Entra portal as an Authentication Policy Administrator or higher. Navigate to Protection > Authentication methods > Policies. Click on Temporary Access Pass Ensure it is enabled and the target is defined. If not, make the necessary changes and click Save. Create TAP for Internal Guest User I already have an internal guest user for this task. As you can see below, the user type is Guest, but the user is still part of the same tenant. To create TAP, Click on the selected user from the Entra ID users list to go to user properties. Next, Click on Authentication methods Then Click on + Add authentication method From the drop-down, select the Temporary Access Pass method. In the settings window, make the adjustments based on the requirements and then click on Add. It will create TAP as expected. Testing To verify the configuration, I am attempting to log in as the test user. This is the user's very first login. As expected, the initial login prompts for the TAP. After a successful login, it allows me to configure the account with passwordless authentication. As we can see, the TAP for the internal guest feature is working as expected.
dishanfrancis
Apr 01, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
9KViews
1like
2Comments
What is the difference between Azure Application Gateway, Load Balancer, Front Door and Firewall?
Pierre Roman details the differences between Azure Firewall, Azure Application Gateway, Azure Load Balancer, NSG, Azure Traffic Manager and Azure Front Door,
Pierre_Roman
Mar 31, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
52KViews
22likes
20Comments
Step-By-Step: Implementing Azure AD Password Protection On-Premises
Too many users have bad habits when creating and using passwords. Daniele details steps in utilizing Azure AD Password Protection design principles to automate enforcement of password rules.
Daniele De Angelis
Mar 08, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
99KViews
11likes
46Comments
How to In-Place Upgrade Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2019
As you know the Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are out of support on January 14th, 2020. Customer will need to upgrade their Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 to a newer version of Windows Server or migrate these servers to Microsoft Azure.
thomasmaurer
Jan 27, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
450KViews
8likes
28Comments
A Guide to Contributing to Microsoft Docs
Did you know that Microsoft Documentation is open source and anyone can contribute to it? In this article I walk you through the process of getting involved.
techielass_ms
Jan 21, 2025 Place ITOps Talk Blog
13KViews
7likes
6Comments
Configuring Azure virtual network subnets with CIDR notation
Learn how to use CIDR notation for configuring subnets in Azure virtual networks.
SoniaCuff
Dec 05, 2024 Place ITOps Talk Blog
40KViews
5likes
1Comment
Setting up DNS in a Hybrid Environment.
Hello Folks, I’m not sure when this became a series, but it’s looking like it’s going to be ongoing. I’m hoping it can give the community a sense of how you can slowly adopt cloud services to enhance your on-prem environment. It started a few weeks ago with the post on how I needed to replace the edge device on my home network. Then I followed up with how I now can use the site-to-site VPN I set up to access (RDP & SSH) all the servers in my environment using the Bastion host on Azure. But I’m at a point where I’ve got demo servers and services on both sides of the VPN. Name resolution is fast becoming an issue. How do I set up a DNS structure to efficiently resolve server IP addresses from an on-premises environment and vice versa without deploying VM-based DNS servers.
Pierre_Roman
Nov 20, 2024 Place ITOps Talk Blog
19KViews
5likes
4Comments

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review: AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:565041"},"id":"message:565041","revisionNum":6,"uid":565041,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:170596"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Resources and tips for passing the AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals exam. \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":147807},"postTime":"2019-05-13T19:17:38.221-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2019-05-30T20:28:38.018-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" When did you last sit an official industry exam? For me, it's been more years than I care to count! But recently, a group of staff at my local Microsoft office planned to sit the AZ-900 Microsoft Azure Fundamentals exam with an official test proctor coming into the office. As I was going to be in the country at the time, I had no reason to miss this opportunity. So I cracked open OneNote and started studying. \n \n Overview \n Microsoft Azure Fundamentals is the first of the Azure certification exams, earning you the Microsoft Certified Fundamentals achievement. You'll need to understand the foundational aspects and benefits of Microsoft's Cloud - like how subscriptions work, what support plans are available, the difference between Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service and Software as a Service, and which services you would use when. \"What to use when\" is actually a common theme in this exam, across some but not all of the Azure products. There are also some \"systems administration\" concepts like enforcing Policies and using Role Based Access Control (RBAC), which are applicable across your Azure tenancy regardless of which services you are using. IT Pros may be more familiar with this content, but software developers would also benefit from learning the architecture of and controls available in Microsoft's Cloud. \n \n Exam Details \n The exam is 60 minutes long but contains no simulated lab scenarios. Instead, there are multi-choice questions with one or more correct answers and some 'multi-part' questions. Here you are given one main premise, and a few multi choice questions that relate to that same scenario. \n \n The areas of focus for this exam are: \n \n Understanding Cloud Concepts (15-20%) \n Understanding Core Azure Services (30-35%) \n Understanding Security, Privacy, Compliance and Trust (25-30%) \n Understanding Azure Pricing and Support (25-30%) \n \n \n The percentages are how much that area contributes to the final score of the exam, with room for Microsoft to adjust the content mix within those percentage boundaries. \n \n At the end of the exam, you will immediately be given your score and you will see if you have passed. AZ-900 requires a score of 700 or above to pass. Don't get hung up on comparing your final score to other people's though. You've been presented with a random subset of questions and the exams are fine tuned on an ongoing basis, so you aren't comparing exactly the same test. There are no prizes for the top score here. \n \n \n Studying for the exam \n Microsoft spells out in the exam objectives exactly which topics you are expected to understand. That is key to sitting any Azure exam. It's a pretty big platform, and you don't want to get distracted trying to remember details of products that are not even included. I'll link to those objectives at the bottom of this post. \n \n Microsoft OneNote is my go-to for keeping all of my study notes. I start by copying those exam objectives to a Page, then I research and build a list of useful study resources. These include pages at docs.microsoft.com and modules on Microsoft Learn. Check out the end of this article for some study resources to get you started. \n \n To study, I only have three windows open at a time: A browser for those study resources, my OneNote notebook, and a browser with the Azure Portal. This way I can read the documentation, paste any key text, tables or images into OneNote along with my own typed notes, and play around under my own Azure subscription at the same time. What I don't have open is all the things that would usually distract me! Outlook, Twitter, Microsoft Teams all get closed and Windows 10 is put into Focus Assist mode - Alarms only. My mobile phone goes face down on my desk too! \n \n I've recently read \"The first 20 hours (How to learn anything fast)\" by John Kaufman. John talks about \"deliberate practice\" and then applies it to learning a few different and varied skills from scratch, to a decent level of competence. This mix of using the right resources combined with trying things yourself in the Portal is a good example of deliberate practice and will help your knowledge retention more than just reading or just taking notes. It helps to bridge the gap between remembering something versus really understanding it, when you can see it in action. \n \n Specifically for AZ-900, I found it easy to reproduce any documented steps in the Azure Portal. They required no pre-configuration or scripting knowledge. If you don't have access to an Azure subscription, create a free trial here. \n \n You'll need to understand the products available in each of these categories, and when you would use one instead of another: \n \n Compute - Virtual machines, virtual machine scale sets, app services \n Networking - virtual networks, load balancer, VPN gateway, application gateway, content delivery network \n Storage - Blog, disk, file, archive storage and Azure Files \n Databases - Cosmos DB, SQL Database, database migration service, SQL Data Warehouse \n IoT - IoT Central, IoT Hub \n Big Data - HDInsight, Data Lake Analytics \n AI - Azure Machine Learning Service, Azure Machine Learning Studio \n Serverless - Azure Functions, Logic Apps \n Identity services - identity concepts, Azure Active Directory, Multi Factor Authentication concepts \n Security products - including both the Azure Security Center, Information Protection, Advanced Threat Protection and security features in the product groups above, like Network Security Groups \n Governance - including Policy and Role Based Access Control, but also compliance and privacy concepts. \n Monitoring - Azure Monitor and Service Health \n Azure tools - like Azure Resource Manager, Azure CLI, Cloud Shell and PowerShell \n \n \n Remember, this is not an in-depth exam.. While you may be asked to choose the best product or select the correct features, you won't be asked to create or configure any services. Stay focused on understanding what each product can do and what it can't do, so you can choose between them or correctly identify their features. \n \n A word about exam brain dumps \n It can be tempting to go and look for exam brain dumps on the internet, where people have compiled a list of actual questions from the exam. While that may help you pass, memorising answers will not help you improve your understanding of the topics. Microsoft has a very clear policy on this: \n \"If Microsoft learns that a candidate used a “brain dump” site to prepare for an exam, this candidate will be permanently banned or prohibited from taking any future Microsoft Certification exams and may be decertified from the Microsoft Certification Program. In addition, test scores and certifications, if applicable, may be revoked. These actions may be taken even if the candidate did not intend to defraud the Microsoft Certification Program.\" \n \n For more information, visit https://www.microsoft.com/learning/certification-exam-policies.aspx \n \n \n \n Taking the exam \n I've been in the tech industry for over 20 years and I still get nervous about taking exams. That was not helped by being a Cloud Advocate and someone saying \"hey you are in training videos!\" when I walked into the exam room. No pressure at all. Here are my tips: \n \n Grab a blank paper and pen (if provided/allowed in the exam environment) and write down anything you've tried to memorise. Then you don't have to keep it in your brain any longer and you can refer to it during the exam. \n \n Then, run through every question in order, choosing your best guess at an answer. If you are unsure, pick something and mark the question with a star so you can review it later. You can even write down if you are undecided between say two of the four answers, so come review time you'll know which answer choices you were debating. Even without a lab, time is still an important factor. This way you get all the questions completed, then you can use the remaining time to review only the starred questions that will need more thought. And you wont risk double-guessing yourself on the ones you were confident about, potentially changing a correct answer. \n \n Read the questions very carefully. It sounds obvious, but I flunked a few questions in the practice tests from misreading them slightly. The wording is very important. So is the wording of the answers. Sometimes you can eliminate obvious incorrect answer choices based on how they are worded. \n \n Take a breath before you hit the Finish button. If this attempt is not a pass, the world will continue to spin and the sun will rise again tomorrow. It does suck to fail, but some perspective is also good - this will not mean the end of your career. You'll be able to see the areas you fell short on, so you can study some more and retake the exam in the future. As a kid, you were really good at failing your way to success when learning to walk or ride a bike and look at where you are now! \n \n Exam resources \n Exam prep used to mean one week in a classroom on an official Microsoft course. While that's still an option, there are a ton of online resources to help you study at your own pace. \n \n Microsoft resources \n Microsoft Learn - Azure Fundamentals: https://docs.microsoft.com/learn/paths/azure-fundamentals/ \n Docs.microsoft.com: https://docs.microsoft.com/azure \n Book - Microsoft Azure Fundamentals Exam Ref AZ-900 by Jim Cheshire \n (Currently in Pre-Order - Available Jun 23 2019) \n \n Third party resources \n Official AZ-900 Practice Test \n Online training courses - You'll find Azure training courses relevant to AZ-900 at a number of online training providers. \n \n Community support \n Often people who have already sat the exam are happy to share their thoughts and resources, including many of our Microsoft MVP community. They might write a blog with a specific list of docs.microsoft.com page links that were helpful, and you'll also find discussion groups on various social media platforms. Note that Microsoft has no control over these resource or how up to date they are kept. \n \n Now get studying! \n I hope I've inspired you to take the plunge and try the Microsoft Azure Fundamentals exam. Leave me a comment when you pass! If you've already taken the exam and have some other advice to offer, add that to the comments too. Did the exam meet your expectations? ","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})@stringLength":"10573","kudosSumWeight":26,"repliesCount":24,"readOnly":false,"images":{"__typename":"AssociatedImageConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"AssociatedImageEdge","cursor":"MjUuM3wyLjF8b3wyNXxfTlZffDE","node":{"__ref":"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/s/gxcuf89792/images/bS01NjUwNDEtMTEzMjIwaTJDMTZEN0Y3RDVDQkYwODU?revision=6\"}"}}],"totalCount":1,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"videos":{"__typename":"VideoConnection","edges":[],"totalCount":0,"pageInfo":{"__typename":"PageInfo","hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":null,"hasPreviousPage":false,"startCursor":null}},"coverImage":null,"coverImageProperties":{"__typename":"CoverImageProperties","style":"STANDARD","titlePosition":"BOTTOM","altText":""}},"Conversation:conversation:1555471":{"__typename":"Conversation","id":"conversation:1555471","topic":{"__typename":"BlogTopicMessage","uid":1555471},"lastPostingActivityTime":"2025-04-30T02:14:46.483-07:00","solved":false},"User:user:655711":{"__typename":"User","uid":655711,"login":"chrisjeffreyuk","registrationData":{"__typename":"RegistrationData","status":null},"deleted":false,"avatar":{"__typename":"UserAvatar","url":"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/s/gxcuf89792/images/dS02NTU3MTEtMjkyOTcyaTE0NDc0RUIwQjkyOEM1Rjk"},"id":"user:655711"},"AssociatedImage:{\"url\":\"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/s/gxcuf89792/images/bS0xNTU1NDcxLTIwOTA2MGk2RjZFRUY4NTQ5MEZGNzRD?revision=7\"}":{"__typename":"AssociatedImage","url":"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/s/gxcuf89792/images/bS0xNTU1NDcxLTIwOTA2MGk2RjZFRUY4NTQ5MEZGNzRD?revision=7","title":"how-to-use-terraform-to-create-azure-devops-projects.png","associationType":"TEASER","width":2212,"height":1028,"altText":null},"BlogTopicMessage:message:1555471":{"__typename":"BlogTopicMessage","subject":"How to use Terraform to Create Azure DevOps Projects","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:1555471"},"id":"message:1555471","revisionNum":7,"uid":1555471,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:655711"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With the recent release by HashiCorp and Microsoft of the Azure DevOps Provider 0.0.1 for Terraform we look at how to use these new features to create repeatable standardized projects into Azure DevOps. \n \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":24815},"postTime":"2020-08-11T00:01:00.013-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2020-08-11T05:19:41.607-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" With the recent release by HashiCorp and Microsoft of the Azure DevOps Provider 0.0.1 for Terraform we look at how to use these new features to create repeatable standardized projects into Azure DevOps. \n \n Introduction. \n In this article we are going to look at the new Terraform Provider for Azure DevOps. Firstly, lets provide some useful links: \n \n \n Azure DevOps Provider Documentation \n Terraform Provider for Azure DevOps GitHub Issues \n \n \n At the time of authoring this article the provider is at version 0.0.1. Functionality is still a little limited and some of the documentation needs more detail, but all the basics are there. \n \n So What Can I Do With This? \n One question that has been asked many times is \"Can I automate and template Azure DevOps Projects?\". Well, the answer is now yes. \n \n The Terraform Azure DevOps Provider allows us to be able to create a standard Terraform deployment that creates a Project inside a DevOps Organization. We can use the resources to then describe what features we want enabled, disabled, or configured. \n \n I have created a sample GitHub repo that holds the code examples we are going to look at below. \n \n Ok, So Let's Get Started. \n Like many others, I tend to break my Terraform files up into smaller sub files to make things a little easier to navigate. In the GitHub Repo I have five .tf files: \n \n \n main.tf \n variables.tf (used to set my var. options cleanly) \n outputs.tf \n ado_repository.tf (we will cover this in more detail in the article) \n github_service_connection.tf (we will use this to setup a connection to the GitHub Repo) \n \n \n I'm not going to cover what all of the files do in this article (there are some great blog posts out there already for that), but if you are interested in getting a detailed understanding of Terraform I recommend you check out our very own Adin Ermie. \n \n Let's start by looking at the main.tf file. The first area to note is that we need to define the org_service_url for Azure DevOps and personal_access_token we are going to use within the Provider Block. \n \n The Organization Service URL is just the address to your DevOps org, for example https://dev.azure.com/myorg \n \n Have a look at the following Microsoft document for detailed steps on how to setup a Personal Access Token in Azure DevOps. \n \n main.tf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n provider \"azuredevops\" {\n version = \">= 0.0.1\"\n # Remember to specify the org service url and personal access token details below\n org_service_url = \"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\"\n personal_access_token = \"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\"\n}\n\nresource \"azuredevops_project\" \"terraform_ado_project\" {\n project_name = var.project_name\n description = var.description\n visibility = var.visibility\n version_control = var.version_control\n work_item_template = var.work_item_template\n # Enable or desiable the DevOps fetures below (enabled / disabled)\n features = {\n \"boards\" = \"enabled\"\n \"repositories\" = \"enabled\"\n \"pipelines\" = \"enabled\"\n \"testplans\" = \"enabled\"\n \"artifacts\" = \"enabled\"\n }\n} \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The rest of the arguments here are self-explanatory. we provide the basic options to setup the project and select to enable or disable the feature we require. \n \n Next, we will look at the github_service_connection.tf. What we are doing here is defining a service connection into GitHub using GitHub Personal Access Tokens. Configuring GitHub PATs is documented here. \n \n github_service_connection.tf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n resource \"azuredevops_serviceendpoint_github\" \"serviceendpoint_github\" {\n project_id = azuredevops_project.terraform_ado_project.id\n service_endpoint_name = \"Sample GithHub Personal Access Token\"\n\n auth_personal {\n # Also can be set with AZDO_GITHUB_SERVICE_CONNECTION_PAT environment variable\n personal_access_token = \"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\"\n }\n} \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Finally, I am using an outputs.tf to return the newly created Project ID and Project URL. \n \n outputs.tf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n output \"Project_ID\" {\n value = azuredevops_project.terraform_ado_project.id\n}\n\noutput \"Project_URL\" {\n value = azuredevops_project.terraform_ado_project.id\n} \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Note About Repos. \n Something that has been noted by a few people is that the Import option on the azuredevops_git_repository resource does not seem to work. Although documented as Import being a supported option (for public repos only at this time), it returns an error message. \n \n Demo \n Here is a quick demo of the code in action. \n \n \n Wrap Up! \n So thats it! A straightforward way to create Azure DevOps Projects within your Organization, simple and repeatable. 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Guide : How to enable QR code authentication for Microsoft Entra ID (Preview) ?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:4393286"},"id":"message:4393286","revisionNum":1,"uid":4393286,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:1110277"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":1677},"postTime":"2025-04-15T08:23:50.270-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-04-15T08:23:50.270-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Microsoft Entra ID supports a long list of Authentication methods. \n \n Windows Hello for Business \n Microsoft Authenticator app \n Authenticator Lite \n Passkey (FIDO2) \n Certificate-based authentication \n Hardware OATH tokens (preview) \n Software OATH tokens \n External authentication methods (preview) \n Temporary Access Pass (TAP) \n Short Message Service (SMS) sign-in and verification \n Voice call verification \n Password \n \n This enables organizations to select the most secure and productive authentication methods for their business. While the most secure method may not always be the most productive, and vice versa, having a variety of supported authentication methods helps to strike a balance between these two aspects. \n Microsoft Entra ID now supports QR authentication, a method specifically designed for frontline workers who use shared devices. This provides a convenient and secure login experience for these workers. \n How it works ? \n 1) An account with Authentication Policy Administrator permission or higher can enable QR code as an authentication method. \n 2) Once the method is enabled, a QR code and temporary PIN can be generated for the user. \n 3) The QR code should be made available to the user. It can be downloaded, printed, or added to a badge. \n 4) The QR code is unique but cannot be used without the PIN. \n 5) The temporary PIN must be reset when the user authenticates for the first time. \n 6) Once the QR code and PIN are set up, the user can use them for subsequent logins. \n Things to remember ! \n 1) QR authentication is designed for frontline workers and should not be widely used. Phishing-resistant authentication is recommended wherever possible. \n 2) Do not enable this authentication method for all users; only enable it for required users. \n 3) QR authentication is currently only supported on mobile devices running iOS/iPadOS or Android. \n 4) QR authentication does not allow self-service PIN reset for users. \n In this blog post I am going to demonstrate how to configure QR authentication for the Microsoft Entra ID users. \n Let’s start with enabling authentication method. \n \n Log in to the Entra admin portal at https://entra.microsoft.com/as an Authentication Policy Administrator or higher. \n Navigate to Protection | Authentication Methods. \n \n \n \n Under Policies, click on QR code (Preview). \n \n \n \n In the QR code (Preview) settings page, click on Enable to turn on the authentication method. Then, select the relevant user group as the target. \n \n \n \n Click on the Configure tab. Here, you can adjust the PIN length and the lifetime of the QR code. The default is 365 days, but it can be extended up to 395 days. Once changes are made, click on Save to apply them. \n \n \n This enables the QR code as an authentication method for the tenant. Next, let's see how to generate a QR code for a user. \n Generate QR code authentication for a user \n To generate QR code for user, \n \n Navigate to Users | All users. \n Select the user from the target group configured in the previous section. \n Click on Authentication methods. \n \n \n \n \n Click on + Add authentication method. \n \n \n \n From the dropdown, select QR code (Preview). \n \n \n \n \n \n In the settings page, define the expiration date and activation time. Click on Generate PIN to create a temporary PIN. Note down the PIN and click on Add. \n \n \n \n \n This will generate the QR code. Download it for use with authentication. \n \n \n \n Now that we have generated a QR code for a user, let's proceed with some testing. \n Testing \n For testing, I used an iOS device to log in to the office portal. On the login page, I typed the username and then clicked on Sign-in options. \n \n \n \n In the Sign-in options page, I selected Sign in to an organization. \n \n \n On the next page, I chose Sign in with QR code. \n \n \n I clicked on Allow to grant access to the camera. \n \n \n After that, I scanned the QR code downloaded in the previous step. \n \n \n Once the QR code was successfully detected, I entered the temporary PIN that was generated and clicked on Sign in. \n \n \n On the next page, I was prompted to define a new PIN since this was the first login. After defining the PIN, I clicked on Sign in. \n \n \n As expected, I was able to log in successfully. \n \n \n \n This marks the end of the blog post, and I believe you now have a better understanding of how to enable and use QR code for authentication. 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Guide : How to use Temporary Access Pass (TAP) with internal guest users","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:4365541"},"id":"message:4365541","revisionNum":3,"uid":4365541,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:1110277"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":9016},"postTime":"2025-01-13T15:41:20.888-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2025-01-15T23:11:15.154-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Passwords are fundamentally weak and vulnerable to being compromised. Even enhancing a password only delays an attack; it does not render it unbreakable. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) offers more security but still depends on passwords. This is why passwordless authentication is a more secure and convenient alternative. \n \n \n \n Source : https://learn.microsoft.com/entra/identity/authentication/media/concept-authentication-passwordless/passwordless-convenience-security.png \n Microsoft Entra ID supports password less authentication natively. It supports six different password less authentication options. \n \n Windows Hello for Business \n Platform Credential for macOS \n Platform single sign-on (PSSO) for macOS with smart card authentication \n Microsoft Authenticator \n Passkeys (FIDO2) \n Certificate-based authentication \n \n Based on the organisation's requirements, they can select the most convenient options. However, the initial setup requires a method to authenticate the user before onboarding other passwordless authentication methods. For this, we can use: \n 1) Existing Microsoft MFA methods \n 2) Temporary Access pass (TAP) \n A Temporary Access Pass (TAP) is a time-limited passcode that can be configured for single use or multiple sign-ins. \n Organisations not only have internal users to manage but also guest users. Until now, the TAP method was only available for internal users, and guest users were not permitted to use this method. This makes sense because if guest users also need to use passwordless authentication, it should occur in their home tenant. \n But now Entra ID supports TAP for “Internal Guest” users. \n \n \n \n Internal Guests \n Guest users are typically categorised as user accounts that exist in a remote tenant. However, some organisations prefer to use user accounts in their own directory but with guest-level access. This is typically for contractors, suppliers, vendors, etc. These are known as 'internal guest accounts'. Such accounts were also used for guest users in the past when B2B collaboration wasn't in place. \n In this demo I am going to demonstrate how to use TAP with internal Guest user. \n Enable TAP as Authentication method \n Before we configure TAP for user we need to make sure TAP is enabled as authentication method. To do that, \n \n Log in to the Entra portal as an Authentication Policy Administrator or higher. \n Navigate to Protection > Authentication methods > Policies. \n Click on Temporary Access Pass \n \n \n \n Ensure it is enabled and the target is defined. If not, make the necessary changes and click Save. \n \n \n Create TAP for Internal Guest User \n I already have an internal guest user for this task. As you can see below, the user type is Guest, but the user is still part of the same tenant. \n \n \n \n To create TAP, \n \n Click on the selected user from the Entra ID users list to go to user properties. \n Next, Click on Authentication methods \n \n \n \n Then Click on + Add authentication method \n \n \n \n From the drop-down, select the Temporary Access Pass method. In the settings window, make the adjustments based on the requirements and then click on Add. \n \n \n \n It will create TAP as expected. \n \n \n Testing \n To verify the configuration, I am attempting to log in as the test user. This is the user's very first login. \n As expected, the initial login prompts for the TAP. \n \n After a successful login, it allows me to configure the account with passwordless authentication. As we can see, the TAP for the internal guest feature is working as expected. 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is the difference between Azure Application Gateway, Load Balancer, Front Door and Firewall?","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:572912"},"id":"message:572912","revisionNum":17,"uid":572912,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:140097"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Pierre Roman details the differences between Azure Firewall, Azure Application Gateway, Azure Load Balancer, NSG, Azure Traffic Manager and Azure Front Door, ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":51790},"postTime":"2019-05-16T00:33:20.885-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2019-05-30T13:11:41.707-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello folks, \n \n Last week at a conference in Toronto, an attendee came to the Microsoft booth and asked something that has been asked many times in the past. So, I decided to cover it here for everyone’s benefit. \n What are the differences between Azure Firewall, Azure Application Gateway, Azure Load Balancer, NSG, Azure Traffic Manager, and Azure Front Door? \n \n Here's a high-level consolidation of what they each do. \n \n Azure Application Gateway \n \n The Azure Application Gateway (AAG) is a web traffic manager for your web applications (one or multiple). With AAG, on top of load balancing your workloads, you can make routing decisions based on URI path or host headers. For example, you can route traffic based on the incoming URL. Therefore if /images are in the inbound URL, you can route traffic to a specific set of servers (or pool) configured for images. If /video is in the URL, that traffic is routed to another pool. \n \n \n \n AAG includes a web application firewall called Web application firewall (WAF) that protects your workload from common exploits like SQL injection attacks or cross-site scripting attacks, to name a few. This protection uses rules from the Open Web Application Security Project version 3.0 or 2.2.9. However, it is not an L3-L7 stateful firewall. \n \n The Azure Application Gateway can be used to do TLS/SSL termination. TLS/SSL termination can be useful to allow unencrypted traffic between the AAG and the backend servers saving some of the processing load needed to encrypt and decrypt said traffic. However, we strongly recommend against sending unencrypted communications to the servers since in most situations, it is not acceptable due to security requirements, compliance requirements, or the application may only accept a secure connection. In these situations, the Azure Application Gateway also supports end-to-end TLS/SSL encryption. \n **This paragraph was corrected by (@heinrichg) Heinrich Gantenbein - Cybersecurity Architect - Microsoft Enterprise Services** \n \n These are just a few of the capabilities of AAG. \n Azure Front Door \n \n Azure Front Door gives you the ability to define, manage, and monitor the global routing for your web traffic (across regions). It optimizes your web traffic globally for performance (lowest latency) and for high-availability by enabling instant fail-over for all your Internet-facing applications hosted inside or outside of Azure. It does so by using several traffic-routing methods (latency, Priority, weighted, and Session Affinity). Just like the Azure Application Gateway Front Door can allow you to route traffic based on URL paths of the request but it does allow for more complex route matching scenarios \n Azure Traffic Manager \n \n Azure Traffic Manager enables you to control how traffic is distributed across your application endpoints. An endpoint can be any Internet-facing endpoint, hosted in Azure or outside Azure. It really provides two key benefits: \n \n \n Distribution of traffic according to one of several traffic-routing methods (priority, weighted, performance, geographic, multivalued and subnet). \n Continuous monitoring of endpoint health and automatic failover when endpoints fail. \n \n When an end user attempts to connect to a service endpoint, their client (PC, phone, etc.) must first resolve the DNS name in that endpoint to an IP address. The client then connects to that IP address to access the service. Traffic Manager works at the DNS level. Traffic Manager uses DNS to direct end users to particular service endpoints, based on the chosen traffic-routing method and the current endpoint health. Clients then connect to the selected endpoint directly. Traffic Manager is not a proxy and does not see the traffic passing between the client and the service. \n \n \n Azure Load Balancer \n \n The Azure Load Balancer Load Balancer distributes inbound traffic to a backend pool instances according to rules and health probes. It can also provide outbound connections for virtual machines (VMs) inside your virtual network by translating their private IP addresses to public IP addresses. The Load Balancer is a TCP/UDP load balancing and port forwarding engine only. It does not terminate, respond, or otherwise interact with the traffic. It simply routes traffic based on source IP address and port, to a destination IP address and port. \n \n It can also be deployed both as a Public Load Balancer or an Internal Load Balancer to manage internal traffic. \n \n \n Azure Firewall \n \n Azure Firewall is a cloud-based network security service that protects your Azure Virtual Network. It allows you to create, enforce, and log application and network connectivity policies across subscriptions and virtual networks. \n Just like any firewall currently found in your own datacenter, it can be used to limit outbound traffic to a specified list of fully qualified domain names (FQDN) including wild cards. So. Really you can set the rules to allow or deny network access by source and destination IP address, port, and protocol and since the Azure Firewall is fully stateful (L3-L7) it can distinguish legitimate packets for different types of connections. \n \n \n \n Network Security Groups \n \n Network Security Groups or NSGs allow you to filter traffic to and from your resources in an Azure virtual network. NSG security rules are evaluated by priority using the 5-tuple information (source, source port, destination, destination port, and protocol) to allow or deny the traffic. NSGs can be assigned to subnets or network interfaces in the Resource Manager deployment model. NSGs are not a firewall. They have no visibility in the payload, just the addresses, ports and protocols. \n \n \n \n I really hope this makes sense to you. There is some overlap across all these services, however, each is well suited to its own specific scenarios. \n \n Cheers! \n \n Pierre \n 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Implementing Azure AD Password Protection On-Premises","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:563342"},"id":"message:563342","revisionNum":87,"uid":563342,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:170496"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Too many users have bad habits when creating and using passwords. Daniele details steps in utilizing Azure AD Password Protection design principles to automate enforcement of password rules. \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":98950},"postTime":"2019-05-23T00:00:00.060-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2019-06-07T01:59:29.342-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" I travel a lot in Italy, and many times I see multiple customers that are asking for the same requests. One request is the possibility to block some specific passwords in Active Directory. Unfortunately too many users have BAD habits and use the company name in the password field for example. In those cases, the Security team wants to block some easy and well known passwords. \n \n In Active Directory you can Enable some GPO that can help you to implement strong password, like: \n \n Minimum Password Length \n Minimum Password Age \n Maximum password Age \n Password must meet complexity requirements \n Enforce Password History \n \n \n However, with a minimum password length of 8 chars and these GPOs, we unfortunately can't avoid the use of some well known Passwords like: \n \"P@$$w0rd\" or \"Pippo01!\" \n \n Azure AD Password Protection is finally what we need to enhance the password policies in your organization. With this feature, you can use the same checks for passwords in AzureAD on your on-premises Active Directory implementation. You can enforce both the Microsoft Global Banned Passwords and Custom banned-passwords list stored in Azure AD tenant. \n \n What are the Design Principles? \n Azure AD Password Protection is based on multiple design principles available here, but I would like to emphasize some of the most important ones: \n \n Your DCs never talk directly with Azure. (you need to install the Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Service) \n Your DCs will be never be exposed on the internet. \n There are no ports listening on the Domain Controllers for the Azure AD Password Protection DC Agent. \n All the services of the Azure AD Password Protection (Proxy Service and DC Agent) do not require any specific user to work, they use the LOCAL SYSTEM account, but you will need a Global Admin of your tenant and a Domain Admins to register the Proxy Services and the Forest, but only one time. \n Do not require any schema update or specific DFL/FFL. \n The deployment of this solution supports the incremental deployments. \n \n \n How does it work? \n \n \n A user requests a password change to a Domain Controller. \n The DC Agent Password Filter dll, receive from the OS, the password validation requests, and forward them to the Azure AD Password Protection DC Agent, installed on the DC. This Agent then validate if the password is compliance with the locally stored Azure password policy. \n The Agent on the DC every 1h locate via the SCP (Service Connection Point) in the forest the Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Service to download a fresh copy of the Azure password policy. \n The Agent on the DC receives the new version of the Azure password policy from the proxy service and stores it in the Sysvol enabling this new policy to be replicated to all other DCs in the same domain. \n \n The Azure Password policies are stored in Sysvol as shown here: \n It is not necessary that all the DCs are able to comunicate with the Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Server, if you have a very complex Active Directory environments, you can configure a minimum of one DC per domain to be able to connect to the AAD Password Protection Proxy Servers, and the other DCs will take the new policy from the Sysvol replication. However, on these DCs you will see some warning of this type: \n \n Log Name: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent/Admin Source: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent Date: 15/05/2019 23:37:39 Event ID: 30018 Task Category: None Level: Warning Keywords: User: SYSTEM Computer: ITDC01.IT.CONTOSO.COM Description: One or more Azure AD Password Protection Proxy servers were found in the forest but this machine was unable to establish network connectivity to any of them. This operation will be run periodically and may succeed in future attempts This may be an expected and benign condition depending on how the network environment is configured. This domain controller may be able to obtain updated password policies via sysvol replication if other domain controllers do have proxy connectivity. \n \n \n How can I deploy the Azure AD Password Protection? \n The following is a an example of a simple scenario to understand how-to deploy this feature: \n \n \n \n Since your DCs never talk directly with Azure you need at least 2 Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Server per Forest for high availability and should be placed in the Root Domain. The Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Servers must be Windows Server 2012R2 or above. \n \n Download the Azure AD Password Protection software (Proxy and DC Agent): \n \n \n Be sure to have installed .NET Framework 4.7 at minimum on these Proxy Servers. \n All the server DCs and Proxy Services require the Universal C runtime for Windows. \n Install the Proxy Service (AzureADPasswordProtectionProxySetup.exe) on the two Servers, joined to the root domain: You can also complete this via Silent installation from the command line With the installation of the Proxy Service completed, you can open PowerShell and can see a new module, AzureADPasswordProtection, installed. \n PS C:\\> Get-Command -Module AzureADPasswordProtection\n\nCommandType Name ModuleName\n----------- ---- ----------\nFunction Get-AzureADPasswordProtectionSummaryReport AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Get-AzureADPasswordProtectionDCAgent AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Get-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxy AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Get-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxyConfiguration AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Register-AzureADPasswordProtectionForest AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Register-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxy AzureADPasswordProtection\nCmdlet Set-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxyConfiguration AzureADPasswordProtection \n You can also open the event log and can see new Event logs for the installed Service: \n All the DCs must be at least Windows Server 2012 or above. You now need to install the package \"AzureADPasswordProtectionDCAgentSetup.msi\": As you can see the DC Agents installation require the reboot of the DC and also in this case if you want you can use the Silent installation with the command line. But please remember to put the /norestart parameter to avoid the immediate restart of the DC. After the installation, on the DC you will see a new Eventlog for the agent: \n By default the Azure AD Password Protection DC Agent use the TCP port 135 and the dynamic ports range to connect to the Azure AD Password Protection Proxy Servers, so this ports must be open at the network level, but if you prefer, you can configure the proxy Service to Listen on a specific ports. \n Set-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxyConfiguration –StaticPort <portnumber> \nThis command must be executed on each proxy Server, and require the restart of the Proxy Service. \n You need to register on your Azure AD Tenant the two Proxy Server with a simple PowerShell cmdlet on each proxy: \n Register-AzureADPasswordProtectionProxy -AccountUpn 'admin@<yourtenant>.onmicrosoft.com' \nThis registration of the Proxy Service is necessary only one time, for the first authentication on the tenant. \n You need to register the Forest on Azure AD so this command must be lunched from only one of the Proxy Servers: \n # IF YOU ARE CONNECTED TO THE PROXY SERVER WITH ADMIN CREDENTIAL\n# OF THE ROOT DOMAIN, THEN YOU CAN USE THIS COMMAND: \nRegister-AzureADPasswordProtectionForest -AccountUpn 'admin@<yourtenant>.onmicrosoft.com' \n\n# OTHERWISE YOU CAN SPECIFY THE ROOT DOMAIN CREDENTIALS: \nRegister-AzureADPasswordProtectionForest -AccountUpn 'admin@<yourtenant>.onmicrosoft.com' -ForestCredential $(Get-Credential) \nThis command require the a Global Admin of the tenant and a Domain Admins of the Root Domain. \n You can now connect to the https://portal.azure.com and configure the Azure AD Password Protection: \n \n NOTE: keep in mind that when you write in the custom banned password the word \"fabrikam\", you are adding more than that, also the \"f@br1k@m\" is banned! So we made also common char substitution. The Custom password field, can contain up to 1000 words case-insensitive. \n \n Nice to Know \n \n \n The Proxy Service of Azure AD Password Protection can work with HTTPS proxy servers in your environment, but actually the Azure AD Password Protection proxy service doesn't support the use of specific credentials for connecting to an HTTPS proxy. \n By default the Azure AD Password Protection is set to \"Audit Mode\" on the Tenant so, if you deploy a proxy service and install one agent on a DC (only for testing purpose), if the password match the Microsoft Global Banned Password list, the DC Agent will generate only events like this one: \n Log Name: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent/Admin Source: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent Event ID: 30009 Task Category: None Level: Information Keywords: User: SYSTEM Computer: ITDC01.IT.CONTOSO.COM Description: The reset password for the specified user would normally have been rejected because it matches at least one of the tokens present in the Microsoft global banned password list of the current Azure password policy. The current Azure password policy is configured for audit-only mode so the password was accepted. UserName: ITOPSTALK FullName: ITOPSTALK \n Or like this, if the password match your custom password lists on the tenant: \n Log Name: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent/Admin Source: Microsoft-AzureADPasswordProtection-DCAgent Event ID: 30007 Task Category: None Level: Information Keywords: User: SYSTEM Computer: ITDC01.IT.CONTOSO.COM Description: The reset password for the specified user would normally have been rejected because it matches at least one of the tokens present in the per-tenant banned password list of the current Azure password policy. The current Azure password policy is configured for audit-only mode so the password was accepted. UserName: ITOPSTALK FullName: ITOPSTALK \nNo Password will be blocked until you will change the configuration on the Tenant from \"Audit Mode\" to \"Enforce\". \n If your DCs are all 2012 or above but you are using FRS for replicating the SYSVOL, upgrade first to DFSR to use Azure AD Password Protection, because FRS is deprecated. \n Have you already two AD connect servers in your Environment? Yes? So you can install the proxy Service on this 2 Servers if you want, but start always from the one in staging mode ;). \n Azure AD Password Protection for Active Directory require the Azure AD Premium licences P1 or P2. \n Azure AD Password Protection is not a real-time policy application engine, you can have a delay in the application of the new Azure Password Policy in your on-premises AD environment. \n If you want to force a DC to download a fresh copy of the Azure Password Policy from the Proxy Service, you can restart the DC Agent. \n \n \n Scenarios \n Some Customers think that because Azure AD Password protection On-Premises, work with DC Agents they can deploy Agents only on a single AD Site to protect for example a Branch Office, but this is a partial deployment and it is not recommended. In this scenario a customer want to deploy DC Agents only on the NY-SITE, graphics always help to understand better: \n \n As you can see one DC in the IT.CONTOSO.DOMAIN don't have the DC Agent, because the change password can happens on any DC, this configuration is not secure and not recommended. \n \n If you want to implement a more secure scenario, you need to install the DC Agent on each DCs of the forest, like in this example: \n \n \n As you can see here, we have secured all the entire forest by installing the DC agent on each DC in every domains. \n If you want to apply the Azure AD Password Protection only to one domain in your forest, you need in any case to deploy the Proxy Services for the Forest and then deploy the DC Agent only on all the DCs in that domain to secure it, in this example HR.CONTOSO.COM. (You should not think to deploy the DC agent only on the PDC, for example): \n Last but not least, remember to alert your users about the Policy password change before switch the configuration in the Tenant from \"Audit mode\" to \"Enforce\". \n I hope that all this info, will help you to deploy this great feature in your Environments. \n \n Reference \n The official reference: \n Enforce Azure AD password protection for Windows Server Active Directory \n Azure AD Password Protection troubleshooting \n Azure AD Password Protection monitoring and logging \n \n 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are out of support on January 14th, 2020. Customer will need to upgrade their Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 to a newer version of Windows Server or migrate these servers to Microsoft Azure. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":450452},"postTime":"2019-07-23T00:05:00.023-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2021-05-11T06:53:25.243-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" As you know the Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are out of support on January 14th, 2020. Customer will need to upgrade their Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 to a newer version of Windows Server or migrate these servers to Microsoft Azure and get three years of extended security support for free, which will give you more time to upgrade your servers, redeploy your apps or rearchitect your applications. If you want to have more information about how to migrate your servers to Azure, check out the Azure migration center. There are many ways you can migrate your server applications to a newer version of Windows Server. This blog post covers how you in-place upgrade Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2019. You can find more information about Windows Server 2019 installations and upgrades on Microsoft Docs. \n To help you with Windows Server upgrades, the Windows Server team created Windows Server Upgrade Center, which gives you step-by-step guidance for modernizing your datacenter. \n \n Upgrade path \n You can directly do an in-place upgrade to Windows Server 2019 from Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2012 R2. This means, to upgrade from Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2019, you will have two consecutive upgrade processes. \n \n \n First, you upgrade Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2012 R2 \n Secondly, you will upgrade Windows Server 2012 R2 to Windows Server 2019 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Not all server roles and applications are supported to be migrated in older versions of Windows Server. Read the specific documentation for your operating system scenario, for example upgrading roles to Windows Server 2016. As an alternative, you can also redeploy the applications on a fresh installation of Windows Server 2019. \n \n Planning the Upgrade \n Before you start in-place upgrade your servers, make sure you plan your upgrade and make sure you have all the information, to avoid surprises at the end of the migration. The Windows Server Upgrade Center helps you with a checklist which includes, for example, the following: \n \n \n What software and roles are installed on the server and are they supported and working with newer versions of Windows Server. I recommend doing a software inventory and check if the applications and roles are supported. \n Have some tests ready to check if the application still works after the upgrade. It is a good thing to run through these tests before the upgrade as well, so you can confirm everything is working correctly. \n If it is a physical server, do you have drivers and firmware updates for the new Windows Server version available? \n Think about backup software and antivirus, you might need to uninstall these during the update process and reinstall it after the upgrade is done. \n Make sure your server is up-to-date and fully patched before doing an in-place upgrade. \n Planning the timeframe for the upgrade. In-place upgrades take some time, make sure you have a long enough maintenance window planned. Also make sure you communicate the maintenance window, so users know that the application or service is not available. \n Make sure you have a backup of the server before you start the upgrade process, and make sure you can also restore from that specific backup. \n If possible, test the upgrade process with a non-production server. \n Make sure you have enough disk space for the upgrade. \n Gather your system information before the upgrade. \n \n \n Collect system information \n Before you start the upgrade process you should also collect the following system information. You can use the following to commands. Please save the output on another location. \n \n \n mkdir C:\\info\nsysteminfo > C:\\info\\systeminfo.txt\nipconfig /all > C:\\info\\ipconfig.txt \n \n Please copy and save the systeminfo.txt and ipconfig.txt file on another system. \n \n \n \n Before proceeding with the In-place Upgrade \n I know I have mentioned it before, make sure you have a backup you can restore of the server you are performing the in-place upgrade. Also, make sure that you are aware that the following upgrade processes cause downtime. \n \n Upgrade Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2012 R2 \n Insert the setup media for Windows Server 2012 R2 and start the setup.exe. \n Click Install now. \n \n \n \n \n If your server is connected to the internet, make sure you click on Go online to install updates now (recommended). This will download the latest updates to the installer. \n \n \n \n \n Enter the Windows Server License Key for Windows Server 2012 R2 if needed. If you are not asked for the license key, you can skip that step. \n \n \n \n \n Select the right Windows Server edition you want to install. Also make sure you select Server with a GUI or Server Core Installation, depending on your needs. \n \n \n \n \n Read and accept the license terms. Select I accept the license terms. \n \n \n \n \n For an in-place upgrade select Upgrade: Install Windows and keep files, settings, and applications. \n \n \n \n \n The setup will check the application compatibility and create a compatibility report. \n \n \n \n \n Next, press Confirm to start upgrading Windows. \n \n \n \n \n The setup will complete and automatically reboot. When the upgrade is done, you will see the Windows Server 2012 R2 logon screen. \n \n \n \n \n Post Upgrade to Windows Server 2012 R2 \n After the upgrade to Windows Server 2012, log in and check if the server has been successfully upgraded. Make sure you test if the applications are running like expected and if users can access the application. Make sure that the IP and firewall configuration of your server still allows clients to access your system. \n You can run the following command to see that you successfully upgraded to Windows Server 2012: \n \n \n systeminfo \n \n \n \n If there has been an issue with the upgrade, make a copy and zip the %SystemRoot%\\Panther (usually C:\\Windows\\Panther) directory and contact support. \n If everything works as expected, you can install the latest Windows Server 2012 R2 updates, and make sure your server is fully patched. Before you move to the Windows Server 2012 R2 to Windows Server 2019 upgrade, I also recommend that you create a backup of the server, in that case, you don’t lose the work you did from 2008 R2 to 2012 R2. \n \n Upgrade Windows Server 2012 R2 to Windows Server 2019 \n Insert the setup media for Windows Server 2019 and start the setup.exe. \n Click Install now. \n If your server is connected to the internet, make sure you click Download and install updates, drivers and optional features (recommended). This will download the latest updates to the installer. \n \n \n \n Enter the Windows Server License Key for Windows Server 2019 if needed. If you are not asked for the license key, you can skip that step. \n \n \n \n Select the right Windows Server edition you want to install. Also make sure you select Windows Server 2019 Datacenter (Desktop Experience) or Windows Server 2019 Datacenter (Core), depending on your needs. \n \n \n \n Read and accept the license terms. Select I accept the license terms. \n \n \n \n For an in-place upgrade, select Keep personal files and app and click Next. \n \n \n \n The setup will check the application compatibility and create a compatibility report. \n Next, press Install to start upgrading Windows. \n \n \n \n The setup will complete and automatically reboot. When the upgrade is done, you will see the Windows Server 2019 logon screen. \n \n \n \n Post Upgrade to Windows Server 2019 \n After the upgrade to Windows Server 2019, log in and check if the server has been successfully upgraded. Make sure you test if the applications are running like expected and if users can access the application. Make sure that the IP and firewall configuration of your server still allows clients to access your system. \n You can run the following command to see that you successfully upgraded to Windows Server 2019: \n \n \n systeminfo \n \n If there has been an issue with the upgrade, make a copy and zip the %SystemRoot%\\Panther (usually C:\\Windows\\Panther) directory and contact support. \n If everything works as expected, you can install the latest Windows Server 2019 updates, and make sure your server is fully patched. I also recommend that you create a backup of the server; in that case, you don’t lose the work you did. \n \n I also highly recommend that you have a look at Windows Containers to modernize your applications. Check out our full video here on Microsoft Channel 9: \n \n \n \n Conclusion \n There are many ways you can upgrade or migrate your applications, in-place upgrade is just one of them, and might not always fit. However, in some scenarios, it is the easiest way to get to a newer version of Windows Server. I hope this gives you an overview about how you can do in-place upgrades from Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2019. If you have any questions or tips for the upgrades, leave a comment below. 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Guide to Contributing to Microsoft Docs","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:1430600"},"id":"message:1430600","revisionNum":8,"uid":1430600,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:347158"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Did you know that Microsoft Documentation is open source and anyone can contribute to it? In this article I walk you through the process of getting involved. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":12504},"postTime":"2020-06-16T00:01:00.011-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2020-06-16T00:01:00.011-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Microsoft Docs, is the website on which all of Microsoft’s official documentation sits. Did you know that the documentation is open sourced and that anyone can contribute to it? Because you can, Microsoft Docs is hosted on GitHub, meaning you can issue a pull request (PR) to any of the Microsoft documentation to correct or add anything. \n \n Contributing to Microsoft Docs was the thing that made me learn how to use Visual Studio Code, Git, GitHub, and Markdown. I used to believe that all other things were for developers and I didn’t need to learn them or know anything about them. But, as I said that all changed when I discovered I wanted to contribute to Microsoft Docs. \n \n I want to walk you through the process of contributing to Docs from start to finish using more than just the web interface. \n \n Install Visual Studio Code \n \n My editor of choice is Visual Studio Code (VS Code), there are other editors out there however some of this walk through will be very specific around using VS Code. \n \n If you haven’t got VS Code installed on your system, please download and install it, it is a free tool. \n Leveraging the VS Code Extension library helps to add features, themes, and additional services into VS Code. There are several extensions that help make the process of contributing to Microsoft Docs easier and they have been bundled together by the Docs team into the Docs Authoring Pack, so you can install them all at once. \n \n So, our next step is to install this extension pack. \n \n Click on the Extensions button down the left-hand side menu of VS Code. Search for “Docs Authoring Pack”. \n \n It should be the first one in the list, click on the small green Install button just beneath it. VS Code will start to install the various extensions that are bundled within this extension pack, it may take a few minutes. \n \n Install Git \n \n Git is an open source program that can help with source control, it is widely used by the IT community. If you head over to https://git-scm.com/ and download the relevant version for your computer, then install as per the instructions. \n \n Once you have Git installed on your computer, there is one piece of setup information you should do now. \n \n \n git config --global user.name \"Sarah Lean\"\ngit config --global user.email sarah@fabrikam.com\n \n \n Replacing with your information. This information helps to identify who you are when you contribute to projects. I wrote a Getting Started with Git blog post for those interested in reading more about Git. \n \n Create GitHub Account \n \n If you already have a GitHub account you can skip this section, however if you don’t have one you will need to sign up for one. It is free to sign up for an account and you just need to create a username, provide your email address, and create a password for an account to be created. \n \n Find documentation you want to correct or add to \n Now that you the basics setup you need to find documentation that you want to contribute to or correct. Now that could be changing sections that have gotten out of date or even just correcting a spelling mistake. \n \n \n I’ve found a doc that I want to update, it’s only a minor change but I want to contribute and correct it for future readers. At the top of the Docs page you will see an Edit button. \n \n If you click on this Edit button it will take you to the GitHub repository which is the source, or master copy of the Doc. For minor changes you could utilise the GitHub GUI interface to make changes, but I want to walk you through the process for larger changes. \n \n To make our change we need to make a copy of the documentation on our local computer, this first step in doing that is to Fork the repository. Which creates a copy in your GitHub working area. \n \n \n Once the fork has completed GitHub will load your copy of the repository. The next step is to take a copy of that repo onto your computer for editing, to do that we carry out an operation called Clone. \n \n Find the green button that says Clone or Download on your screen. \n \n If you click on that button a URL will display, copy that. \n \n Now open up VS Code, and click on Terminal > New Terminal. \n \n You’ll see a console open at the bottom of your screen, in here we want to change to the directory you want to copy the documentation into. I usually use the Documents folder on my computer for GitHub files, so I type: \n \n \n \n cd documents \n \n and then issue the command \n \n git clone **INSERT THE URL YOU COPIED EARLIER** \n \n You will now have the documentation copied to your local computer. Within VS Code, click on File > Open Folder and browse to the folder you just created and the contents will be available for browsing and editing within VS Code. \n \n Edit the Doc \n \n Now you have the documentation on your computer you can start to edit it and make the changes that you want to contribute. \n \n \n \n I’ve forked and cloned a copy of the Windows Server Docs repository on my computer and I want to edit one of the files in there “Guidelines for troubleshooting DNS-related activation issues”, to find where that document is located within the new folder structure I can refer back to the GitHub page that we first went to: \n \n The highlight section breaks down the file path for you, the file I want to edit is within the WindowsServerDocs folder and then in the Get-Started folder. \n \n \n \n The file is now open within VS Code and I can start to edit it. The file is written in a language called Markdown. There are certain syntaxes that you need to understand to format text within Markdown, such as using one star before and after text will make it *italic*. However, one of the extensions we installed earlier or the contributors guide can help you with that. \n \n If you highlight the text that you want to make italic, then press ALT+M a new menu will open and you will have access to document formatting, select Italic and the extension will insert the relevant syntax for you. \n \n In my case I am just make a simple correction to the text, so I find the section in the document that I want to amend and make the change and save the document. \n \n Push the change to your repository \n \n The next step is to take your changes and push them to your repository on GitHub so you can then push them into the Microsoft repository. \n \n To push the changes to your online GitHub repository there are two ways you can do this, via the GUI within VS Code or through the terminal command line interface. I used to do everything through the terminal but have changed over to using the GUI and managing everything that way so I am going to use that version today. \n \n After you’ve saved your changed you should start to see a blue icon next to the Source Control icon on your VS Code bar. \n \n \n This indicates that there is a change you need to commit to your original source/repository. \n If you click on the Source Control button it will show you a list of files that have changed, we want to Stage the change, which lets Git know what want to add to our next Commit. To do that right click on the file you’ve edited and click on Stage. \n \n We now want to write a description of the change we’ve made, so others can follow our work. \n \n And then click on the commit or tick icon to Commit that change. \n \n Now the change is ready to be Pushed up to our GitHub repository. To do that click on the ellipse button and select Push. At this stage a pop-up box asking you to authenticate to GitHub will pop up. We are using an account that doesn’t have 2FA set up, however if you do you should follow these login instructions. \n \n After a few seconds you should be able to go to your GitHub repository via a browser and see that the changes you made on your computer and now online. \n \n Push your changes to the Microsoft Docs Repo \n \n The next stage of the process is to take the changes you’ve made and submit them to Microsoft to review and hopefully merge into the official documentation page. \n \n To do that we need to make a Pull Request. \n \n \n \n \n Open up a browser and go to your GitHub repository, the copy of the Microsoft documentation you committed your changes to. \n \n Click on the Pull Requests button when that page loads click on New Pull Request. \n \n GitHub is quite clever, it recognises you forked a repository, make some changes and now want to merge those changes with the original repository. \n As this is exactly what we want to do we don’t have to make any changes, we can click on the Create Pull Request button. \n We are now presented with a comment section, it is best practice to use write something about the change you’ve made so that the person reviewing the files has a good understanding of your work and reasoning. \n Once you’ve added your comment click on Create Pull Request. \n \n \n Your change is now there for someone at Microsoft to review and hopefully merge into the official documentation! \n \n Next Steps \n Keeping the local copy of the repo in sync with the original can be a challenge, one which I talk about in a previous blog post. I'd love to hear your thoughts on the process for contributing to Docs and hear of your success stories! \n \n 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VNet IP defaults.PNG","associationType":"BODY","width":1146,"height":741,"altText":null},"BlogTopicMessage:message:2047809":{"__typename":"BlogTopicMessage","subject":"Configuring Azure virtual network subnets with CIDR notation","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:2047809"},"id":"message:2047809","revisionNum":3,"uid":2047809,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:170596"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Learn how to use CIDR notation for configuring subnets in Azure virtual networks. \n ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":40092},"postTime":"2021-01-11T02:00:00.039-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2021-01-11T05:23:58.692-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" For people new to networking, creating Azure Virtual Network subnets can be tricky. Learn how CIDR notation works to segment ranges of IP addresses. \n \n When you create an Azure virtual network, you'll get default IP addresses that look something like this: \n \n \n This gives you a private address space at 10.1.0.0 with 65,536 addresses to use. Great! \n \n (Note: These private IP addresses are not routable across the internet. If your devices need to be accessible on the public internet, visit Public IP addresses). \n \n Now it's not recommended to put all of your resources into that same address space. It's inefficient from a network routing perspective, and it makes it harder to secure traffic and limit it between devices. A good security principle that applies to networking is to limit \"lateral movement\", that is the ability for a hacker or infected device to easily communicate with other systems in your network. If we left this without any subnets, one compromised device could talk to the other 65,535 devices in our network. \n \n Azure suggests that we add a subnet called default, with a Subnet address range of 10.1.0.0/24. What does that mean? \n \n Well, subnets (literally sub networks) carve up or segment a bigger address space into smaller sections. We can then limit traffic in and out of this subnet (to the devices in this address space segment) by configuring a network security group. We can also add a network security group to the network interface of a specific virtual machine, to gives us another layer of network security control. To learn how this works, visit How network security groups filter network traffic. \n \n Imagine your virtual network is a round, decorated birthday cake. You've carved out one segment of that birthday cake as a subnet, so it contains a smaller amount of those 65,536 addresses. How many does it contain? That depends on what CIDR notation you've used! \n \n CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) is a method for allocating IP addresses. It's the /x number, and that number determines how many IP addresses will be available in that subnet. \n \n Stay with me if you want to go down the math rabbit hole of IP addressing for a moment or skip to the next part. IP addresses (v4) are written as a set of four numbers, like 192.168.1.0. \n These are converted to binary (the ones and zeroes that computers use), to look like this: \n 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000. \n We create a subnet by adding a \"mask\" to this number, telling the computer how many of the digits we want to read and keep the same (left to right). \n With a /24, we're saying \"grab the first 24 digits\" for this subnet, so that keeps the 192.168.1 and leaves us the \".0\" on the end as a pool of addresses we can use in this subnet. \n Those last 8 binary digits can only add up to 255 (with binary being a base 2 system) AND including zero as a possible value, which has defined our available 256 addresses we can use in this subnet - 0 to 255. \n If we'd used a /29, keeping the first 29 digits, we'd only have 8 available IP addresses in this subnet, because 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000xxx leaves us just 000 left - a maximum binary value of 7 plus our zero value equals 8 IP addresses. \n If you're old school and are used to specifying subnet masks like 255.255.255.0, that's a /24 CIDR notation, with its range of 256 IP addresses (255.255.255.0 to 255.255.255.255). \n \n Skipped to here? Let's continue! \n The CIDR number is like specifying how large you want the slices of cake to be. Fortunately, you don't have to do the math, because there are a ton of free CIDR notation tables and calculators on the internet that will tell you how many addresses you'll have in your subnet if you use a /28 or a /18 for example. When you add a subnet to your Azure virtual network, you'll also get a note as you create it, telling you how many addresses will be available with the values you have entered. \n Just remember, a subnet segments those address from the pool of your total available addresses. Segment two large subnets and you may not have room to add any more subnets. \n In our example, the recommended default 10.1.0.0/24 gives us a subnet of 256 IP addresses EXCEPT Azure reserves 5 of these (the first and last address in each subnet for protocol conformance and 3 additional addresses for Azure service usage), so we have 251 available in Azure. This bundles up addresses 10.1.0.0-10.1.0.255. \n \n So what if we want to add another subnet to this virtual network? Now we have to make sure we don't overlap that subnet we already have! \n \n Azure will suggest we use 10.1.1.0/24. Generally, /24 is a good size for a subnet, and now we'd have: Default 10.1.0.0 to 10.1.0.255 Subnet2 10.1.1.0 to 10.1.1.255 Again, keeping the first 3 parts of the IP address (24 digits in binary) the same. \n \n Now we can keep on carving up our virtual network into different subnets, within the original 10.1.0.0 to 10.1.255.255 addresses (our 10.1.0.0/16 address space). Or, on reflection, we could have used a smaller CIDR notation for the original Azure Virtual Network, and created multiple different Vnets, each with their own subnets. There are just a couple of extra things to note ... \n \n Azure Virtual Network disallowed address spaces The following address spaces cannot be used: 224.0.0.0/4 (Multicast) 255.255.255.255/32 (Broadcast) 127.0.0.0/8 (Loopback) 169.254.0.0/16 (Link-local) 168.63.129.16/32 (Internal DNS, DHCP, and Azure Load Balancer health probe) \n Learn more at Create a virtual network \n \n On-premises networks IP addressing has to be unique - you can't have two resources with the same IP address. If you've configured a Site-to-Site VPN to allow connectivity to/from an on-premises network, consider which private IP address spaces are in use in that on-prem environment, so your Azure vnets and subnets don't conflict. \n \n Gateway subnet Speaking of VPN connections, if you're using an Azure VPN Gateway it also needs gateway subnet of IP addresses. There are some rules around the configuration of this particular type of subnet - it must only contain your virtual network gateway resources, it must be named GatewaySubnet and it must be sized appropriately. You can't change this sizing once you've deployed it, so Microsoft recommends a CIDR notation of /27 or \"larger\" (e.g. /26) to give you room for growth. For more information on VPN Gateways, visit About VPN Gateway configuration settings \n \n Want to learn more? \n Secure and govern workloads with network level segmentation \n Plan virtual networks - subnets \n Add, change, or delete a virtual network subnet \n Gateway subnet guidance - About VPN gateway configuration settings \n \n Azure Virtual Network and Azure VPN Gateway modules on Microsoft Learn 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up DNS in a Hybrid Environment.","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:3584272"},"id":"message:3584272","revisionNum":2,"uid":3584272,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:ITOpsTalkBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:140097"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello Folks, \n \n I’m not sure when this became a series, but it’s looking like it’s going to be ongoing. I’m hoping it can give the community a sense of how you can slowly adopt cloud services to enhance your on-prem environment. \n \n It started a few weeks ago with the post on how I needed to replace the edge device on my home network. Then I followed up with how I now can use the site-to-site VPN I set up to access (RDP & SSH) all the servers in my environment using the Bastion host on Azure. \n \n But I’m at a point where I’ve got demo servers and services on both sides of the VPN. Name resolution is fast becoming an issue. How do I set up a DNS structure to efficiently resolve server IP addresses from an on-premises environment and vice versa without deploying VM-based DNS servers. ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":18721},"postTime":"2022-07-28T06:00:00.044-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2022-07-29T12:51:17.605-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello Folks, \n \n I’m not sure when this became a series, but it’s looking like it’s going to be ongoing. I’m hoping it can give the community a sense of how you can slowly adopt cloud services to enhance your on-prem environment. \n \n It started a few weeks ago with the post on how I needed to replace the edge device on my home network. Then I followed up with how I now can use the site-to-site VPN I set up to access (RDP & SSH) all the servers in my environment using the Bastion host on Azure. \n But now I’m at a point where I’ve got demo servers and services on both sides of the VPN. Name resolution is fast becoming an issue. How do I set up a DNS structure to efficiently resolve server IP addresses from an on-premises environment and vice versa without deploying VM-based DNS servers. \n \n There is nothing wrong with VM-based DNS servers. I’ve done it in the past and I know a lot of people are doing it today. Mostly because there was no alternative solution. That’s when I noticed Azure Private Resolver. It’s a preview service that in conjunction with Azure Private Zones allows you to do just that. Setup an end-to-end name resolution structure without the headaches of managing/patching/protecting another VM and all while providing the following benefits. \n \n \n Fully managed: Built-in high availability, zone redundancy. No need to deploy multiple VMs in order to address the single point of failure when running a single VM. \n Cost reduction: Reduce operating costs and run at a fraction of the price of traditional VM solutions. Both in service costs (the cost of the VM Itself) and the operational costs of managing yet another VM (or more) just to do DNS. \n Private access to your Private DNS Zones: Conditionally forward to and from on-premises. \n Scalability: High performance per endpoint. \n DevOps Friendly: Build your pipelines with Terraform, ARM, or Bicep. \n \n An Azure DNS Private Resolver has one, or more inbound endpoints established that are used as the destination for DNS queries. The resolver's outbound endpoint processes the DNS queries based on a DNS forwarding ruleset that you configure. DNS queries that are initiated in networks linked to a ruleset can be sent to other DNS servers. \n \n \n \n Here is how I implemented that in my environment. \n Current DNS structure On-Prem. \n I’m currently using an AD Integrated zone DNS running on a Windows Server 2022 DC. My local zone is corp.azrtestbench.com (I used corp because I set this up late one night last week and my brain was out of original ideas.) \n \n \n \n \n In my Hub resource group – and if you’re asking, Yes. I have a hub and spoke architecture for my demo subscription. There is a great write-up on Hub-spoke network topology in Azure here https://aka.ms/blog/HubandSpoke that details a hub-spoke topology in Azure. The hub virtual network acts as a central point of connectivity to many spoke virtual networks by using virtual network gateways or virtual network peering. The hub can also be used as the connectivity point to your on-premises networks using point-to-site, site-to-site VPNs, and/or ExpressRoute. \n \n The spoke virtual networks peer with the hub and can be used to isolate workloads. Thus allowing me to be able to spin up a demo in its own resource group and VNet and trash it when I’m done with it without having to constantly rebuild my access, name resolution, and automation tasks. \n \n \n \n Diagram of my DNS architecture with both On-Prem and in the cloud environments \n \n Azure Private DNS Zone \n To set up the name resolution I started with an Azure Private Zone. As mentioned in the documentation, an Azure Private DNS gives you a reliable, secure name resolution service in a VNet without the need to add a custom DNS solution. You can even use your own custom domain name. I did… \n \n \n On-Premises DNS zone = corp.azrtestbench.com \n In Azure DNS Zone = cloud.azrtestbench.com \n \n \n The records contained in “cloud.azrtestbench.com” are NOT resolvable from the Internet hence the name Azure Private DNS Zone. It only works only from within the VNets that are linked to it. \n \n I linked my private DNS zone to all the VNets in my environment by creating virtual network links and I enabled autoregistration to automatically manage the life cycle of the DNS records for the VMs that I deploy in those VNets. \n \n \n \n With this Private Zone, all my VM automatically register their IP when they start. \n \n \n \n \n Azure DNS Private Resolver \n \n Now that I have a private zone setup, I need to set up the service to query Azure DNS private zones from an on-premises environment and vice versa without deploying VM-based DNS servers. The DNS query process when using an Azure DNS Private Resolver is as described below: (List below is a copy/paste from https://aka.ms/blog/HowAzrDNSWorks ) \n \n \n A client in a virtual network issues a DNS query. \n If the DNS servers for this virtual network are specified as custom, then the query is forwarded to the specified IP addresses. \n If Default (Azure-provided) DNS servers are configured in the virtual network, and there are Private DNS zones linked to the same virtual network, these zones are consulted. \n If the query doesn't match a Private DNS zone linked to the virtual network, then Virtual network links for DNS forwarding rulesets are consulted. \n If no ruleset links are present, then Azure DNS is used to resolve the query. \n If ruleset links are present, the DNS forwarding rules are evaluated. \n If a suffix match is found, the query is forwarded to the specified address. \n If multiple matches are present, the longest suffix is used. \n If no match is found, no DNS forwarding occurs and Azure DNS is used to resolve the query. \n \n \n \n Azure DNS Private Resolver architecture from https://aka.ms/blog/AzureDNSPrivateResolver \n \n After deploying the Azure DNS Private Resolver, (find the step-by-step here), I configured the inbound endpoint and the outbound endpoint in 2 pre-configured subnets \n \n \n \n Configure a DNS forwarding ruleset \n \n After installing the DNS Forwarding Ruleset, \n \n \n \n \n I’m ready to configure my DNS forwarding rules and Link my VNets to the ruleset. \n \n \n \n A DNS forwarding rule includes one or more target DNS servers that will be used for conditional forwarding and is represented by: \n \n A domain name, \n A target IP address, \n A target Port and Protocol (UDP or TCP). \n \n My first rule will define how my Resolver will forward queries to the Private Zone I created earlier for anything that is in the linked vnets configured in the private zone. Please note that I’m using the IP address of the inbound endpoint as the destination address. \n \n \n \n \n My second rule is for my on-prem environment. Same process here, but I’ve configure this rule to point to my local on-prem DNS server for anything in the “corp.azrtestbench.com” zone. \n \n \n \n \n Finally, I have linked all the VNets I want to cover in my Azure environment. \n \n \n \n \n On-Prem setup \n On my Windows Server 2022 configured both as a DC and a DNS server, I’ll configure a conditional Forwarders. That is a DNS feature that allows me to resolve names in a private namespace. When my on-prem DNS server receives a client query request for a host address that is not part of its authoritative namespace, it starts the standard resolution process. \n Because I’m setting up a Conditional Forwarder the local DNS server will forward the request to an authoritative DNS for the namespace of the query. In my case, anything for “cloud.azrtestbench.com” will be sent to the Azure Private Resolver inbound endpoint. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Results \n \n I now have a complete end-to-end name resolution system that I don’t have to worry about (No patching, no single point of failure. \n \n From on-prem. The “cloud.azrtestbench.com” zone queries are sent through the conditional forwarder to the inbound endpoint of the Private resolver that returns the right address. \n \n \n \n And from a VM in Azure, anything in the “corp.azrtestbench.com” zone through the DNS Ruleset gets sent to the on-prem DNS server. \n \n \n \n \n If you have a hybrid environment…. Check out the links in this article. And please leave feedback in the comments below. It really helps make the product better. \n \n Cheers! \n \n Pierre 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