Win10 Windows Update fails with error 0x80073712 after multiple retry attempts

When attempting to install a cumulative update, Windows Update repeatedly returns error 0x80073712. Running the Windows Update Troubleshooter, resetting the SoftwareDistribution folder, and executing the DISM /RestoreHealth command have all failed to resolve this issue.

This error occurs every time an update is attempted, even when using manually downloaded update files.