Way to update ESU and other updates before today?

I am trying to install all available Windows 10 updates including the Extended Security Updates for my device that is not eligible for mainstream support. However I am unsure of the correct order or method to apply both the standard cumulative updates and the ESU patches that were released before today. Do I need to install a specific preparation package or enable a special key before these ESU updates will appear in Windows Update?

I have checked for updates manually but only see a few older updates while many recent security patches from the last several months seem to be missing. What is the proper step by step process to bring a Windows 10 device completely up to date with both regular updates and ESU updates without missing any critical patches from previous months?