Why does Windows 10 wake from sleep to a black screen?

A random black screen when resuming from sleep can result from a graphics driver that does not restore the display, an external display path, or a power-state interaction. A forced restart rebuilds that state but loses unsaved work, so save before testing. When the screen is black, try Windows+Ctrl+Shift+B; Windows should reset the graphics driver and the display may flicker. Then use Windows+P to cycle the display mode, especially if a monitor, dock, or TV has been connected. Disconnect displays and USB accessories, then add them back individually. Install Windows updates and the PC maker’s graphics and chipset drivers. If the behavior began after an update, Device Manager’s display-driver Roll Back is a reasonable test. If it continues with accessories removed, test a clean boot and check whether it occurs after hibernate as well as sleep; that comparison is more useful than disabling settings blindly.