USB-C port delivering power but no data on PC

You may well have tried this already, but checking Device Manager for driver problems and watching it at the moment you plug in are slightly different readings, and the second is the one that would narrow this down.

Set View to Devices by connection, then plug the drive in and watch the tree, on both USB-C ports. If anything appears at all, even briefly or as Unknown USB Device, then the port saw the device arrive and enumeration is failing partway, which would point away from dead pins and toward something worth chasing in software. If nothing in the tree moves on either port, it never registered a connection, which leans more toward the hardware side. Not a fix in itself, but it should at least tell you which half of the problem you're in.