Need password - fail way to provide

Hi,

My Outlook 365 is connected to my university's mail server but it fails to update its contents.

My problem is a request to provide a password without offering a way to satisfy this request.

As can be seen in the pic below, you can see the password request. What I fail to show is what happens when you hit this request. A small window flashes for a second and then disappears.

I failed to find a way to halt this window or to provide a password using other means.

How do I solve this problem?