Extracting SAP data using OData - Part 1 - The First Extraction
Before implementing data extraction from SAP systems please always verify your licensing agreement. One of the greatest opportunities of having SAP on Azure is the rich portfolio of integration services, especially focusing on data. And one of the best use cases for using SAP data on Azure is the possibility of blending it with data coming from external sources. The last ten years have proven that while SAP is one of the most important IT solutions for many customers, it’s not the only one. We witness a significant shift from having a single solution towards implementing multiple specialized systems surrounding the core ERP functionalities. These surrounding solutions can be pretty much anything – from a cloud CRM system to an advanced Excel spreadsheet filled with fancy formulas, which many finance people love so much. We can’t forget about business partners, who send data worth blending with information you already own. To provide value, you need to democratize and integrate your data. When you look at your data in isolation, most times you won’t get the big picture. You’ll probably miss information on how the huge marketing campaign influenced the sales of your new product. Was it worth the spend? Should you repeat it? To make data-driven decisions, organizations invest their time and energy in building reliable common data platforms that connect the dots between various areas of the business. SAP remains one of the key systems of records, and ensuring a reliable data flow to a common data platform is essential. The question I often hear is how to approach data extraction from an SAP system. High volumes of data, frequent changes, and proprietary protocols don’t make things easier. Getting data directly from the underlying database is probably not the best idea, as it often breaches licensing terms. Simultaneously there are also technical challenges. Some complex data structures, like cluster tables, are impossible to extract from this layer. A while ago, the RFC-based data extraction through an application server was a leading solution. It’s still a viable approach, especially if you reuse available BW extractors to populate the schema information. There is also a third option available, which is getting more powerful, especially if you’re lucky enough to have recent release of an SAP system. While I don’t think the protocol offers significant advantages in the extraction process (and sometimes it causes much pain), its integration possibilities make it worth a closer look. Yes, you got it right – I’m talking about OData. The increasing adoption of the OData protocol and much-invested energy by SAP makes it the most advanced data integration method. There is a large library of available OData services published by SAP. All SAP Fiori apps use OData to read information from the back-end system. You can even expose CDS-views as an OData service and query them from external applications. And while I’m aware of the problems that OData-based extraction brings, I still think it’s worth your attention. Over the next couple of episodes, I will show you how to use OData services to extract SAP data using Azure Synapse. My goal is to provide you with best practices to embrace OData and use SAP data with information coming from other sources. Today I’m giving you a quick overview of the Azure Synapse and its data integration capabilities. We will build a simple ETL / ELT pipeline to extract data from one of the available OData services. In the coming weeks, I’ll cover more advanced scenarios, including delta extraction, client-side caching, and analytic CDS views. INTRODUCTION TO AZURE SYNAPSE I want to keep the theory as short as possible, but I think you will benefit from a brief introduction to Azure Synapse. Especially, if you’re unfamiliar with Azure tools for data analytics. Whenever you work with data, there are a few steps involved to retrieve a piece of information or insight. I guess we are all familiar with the ETL acronym, which stands for Extract – Transform – Load. It basically describes a process that gets data from one system, modifies them, and then uploads them to a target solution. For example, to a data warehouse, making it available for reporting. I like the way Microsoft extends the data warehousing model. It provides a solution that consolidates all the steps required to get an actual insight. No matter what is the source and format of data and what are the expected target results. It can be a simple report or an action triggered by the Machine Learning algorithm. The heart of the Modern Data Warehouse platform is Azure Synapse – a complete analytics solution that together with massively scalable storage allows you to process and blend all sorts of data. No matter if you work with highly structured data sources, like an SAP system, or if you want to analyze streaming data from your IoT device, you can model and query your dataset from one data platform hosted on Azure. (source: Microsoft.com) A part of the Modern Data Warehouse concept that we will pay special attention to is data ingestion. We will use Synapse Pipelines to copy data from an SAP system to Azure Data Lake and make it available for further processing. To streamline data movements, Azure Synapse offers more than 90 connectors to the most common services. Six of them works with SAP landscapes. Depending on the source system, each offers a unique type of connectivity. The SAP Tables retrieves data from NetWeaver tables using RFC protocol. For SAP BW systems, you can copy data using MDX queries or by OpenHub destination. There is even a dedicated connector that uses the OData protocol. Configurable building blocks simplify the process of designing a pipeline. You can follow a code-free approach, but in upcoming episodes, I’ll show you how to use a bit of scripting to fully use the power of the ingestion engine. A basic pipeline uses a single Copy Data activity that moves data between the chosen source and target system. More advanced solutions include multiple building blocks that can be executed in sequence or parallel, creating a flow of data that calls various services within a single execution. Linked Service is a definition of the connection to a service. You can think of it as a connection string that stores essential information to call an external service – like a hostname, a port or user credentials. A dataset represents the format of the data. When you save a file in the lake, you can choose to keep it as a CSV file, which is easy to read and edit using a notepad, or a specialized parquet file type, which offers columnar storage and is more efficient when working with large amounts of data. An Integration Runtime provides compute resources that connect to the service and run transformation created as data flows. It’s a small application that you could compare to the SAP Cloud Connector. It acts as a proxy between the cloud-based ingestion engine and your resources. There are two main types of Integration Runtime available: Azure Integration Runtime Self-Hosted Integration Runtime The Azure Integration Runtime allows you to connect to public services available over the internet, but with Private Endpoints, you can also use it inside Azure Virtual Network. To establish a connection with a system hosted on-premise, you should instead use the Self-Hosted version of the runtime. Using custom connection libraries or choosing the Parquet file format also mandates using the self-hosted integration runtime. In this blog series, I will use the Self-Hosted Integration Runtime. The installation process is simple, and Microsoft provides extensive documentation, so I won’t provide a detailed installation walkthrough. CREATE AZURE SYNAPSE ANALYTICS WORKSPACE It’s time to get our hands dirty and create some resources. From the list of available Azure Services, choose Azure Synapse and create a new workspace. On the first tab, provide initial information like the resource group and the service name. An integral part of the Azure Synapse is the data lake which can be created during the service provisioning. You can maintain user SQL Administrator credentials on the Security Tab. On the same tab, you can integrate Azure Synapse with your virtual network or change firewall rules. To follow this guide, you don’t have to change any of those default settings. The Review screen shows a summary of settings and provides a high-level cost estimation. Click Create to confirm your choices and deploy the service. That’s it! Within a couple of minutes, Azure deploys the service, and you can access the Synapse Studio. CREATE INTEGRATION RESOURCES There is a GitHub repository that contains the source code for every episode of the blog series GitHub - BJarkowski/synapse-pipelines-sap-odata-public Azure Synapse Studio is the place where you manage your data engineering and data analytics processes. It provides you with quick-start templates that you can use and rapidly build your data solution. But we’ll take a longer path – I want you to understand how the service works and how to design data pipelines, so no shortcuts in this guide! The menu on the left side of the screen provides easy access to Synapse features. Take a moment to walk around. The Data element allows you to explore your data. You can connect to SQL and Spark pools or browse data stored in the lake. To write code, like SQL queries or stored procedures, you will use the Develop workspaces. But the place where we will spend most of our time is the Integrate area. Here you can provision pipelines and build processes that copy information from one system to another. We will also frequently use Monitoring features to see the status and progress of an extraction job. To start designing the very first pipeline, create a Linked Service that stores the SAP connection information. You can do it in the Manage section. Choose Linked Services item – you will notice that you already have two entries there – one of them pointing to the Azure Data Lake Storage that you defined during Synapse service provisioning. The predefined connection is used internally by Synapse and allows you to explore the data lake. To use the parquet file format in the data lake, we will create another connection that uses the Self-Hosted Integration Runtime. Click the New button at the top and choose Azure Data Lake Gen2 from the list. Provide the connection name in the New Linked Service screen and choose the storage account from the list. I’m using Managed Identity as the authentication method as it provides the most secure way of accessing the data lake without using any authentication keys. If you haven’t installed the Self-Hosted Integration Runtime yet, this is the right moment to do it. When you expand the selection box Connect via Integration Runtime, you will notice the “New” entry. Select it, and the wizard will guide you through the installation process. Finally, I run the connection test (verifying access to the path where I want my files to land) and save settings. The connection to the storage account is defined. Now, we have to do the same for the SAP system. As previously, click the “New” button at the top of the screen. This time choose OData as the service type. When defining an OData connection, you have to provide the URL pointing to the OData service. During the connection test, Synapse fetches the service metadata and reads available entities. Throughout the blog series, I will be using various OData services. I’m starting with the API_SALES_ORDER_SRV service that allows me to extract Sales Order information. Using credentials in the pipeline is a sensitive topic. While it is possible to provide a username and password directly in the Linked Service definition, my recommendation is to avoid it. Instead, to securely store secrets, use the Key Vault service. Using a secret management solution is also a prerequisite for using parameters in Linked Service, which will be the topic of the next episode. When you select Key Vault instead of password authentication, the Synapse Studio let you define a connection to the vault. It is stored as another linked service. Then you can reference the Secret instead of directly typing the password. Whenever you want to save your settings, click the Publish button at the top of the screen. It is the right moment to do it as both connections are working, and we can define datasets that represent the data format. Switch to the Data view in the Synapse Studio and then click the plus button to create a new Integration Dataset. Firstly, we’ll create a dataset that represents a file stored in the storage account. Choose Azure Data Lake Gen2 as the data store type. Then, choose the format of the file. As mentioned earlier, we'll use parquet format, which is well-supported across Azure analytics tools, and it offers column store compression. Remember that this file format requires Java libraries deployed on the Integration Runtime. Provide the name of the dataset and choose the previously created Linked Service pointing to the data lake. Here you can also choose the path where the file with extracted data will be stored. Click OK to confirm your settings and Publish changes. Create a dataset for the OData service. This time you’re not asked to choose the file format, and instead, you jump directly to the screen where you can associate the dataset with the OData linked service. It is also the place where you can choose the Entity to extract – Synapse automatically fetches the list using the OData metadata. I selected the A_SalesOrder entity to extract sales orders headers. BUILD THE FIRST PIPELINE Having all linked services and datasets defined, we can move to the Integrate area to design the first pipeline. Click on the plus button at the top of the screen and choose Pipeline from the menu. All activities, that you can use as part of your pipeline, are included in the menu on the left side of the modeller. When you expand the Move & Transfer group, you’ll find a Data Copy activity that we will use to transfer data from the SAP system to Azure Data Lake. Select and move it to the centre of the screen. You can customize the copy data process using settings grouped into four tabs. Provide the name of the activity on the General tab. Then on the Source tab, choose the dataset that represents to SAP OData service. Finally, on the Sink tab select the target dataset pointing to the data lake. That’s everything! You don’t have to maintain any additional settings. The Copy Data process is ready. Don’t forget to Publish your changes, and we can start the extraction process. EXECUTION AND MONITORING To start the pipeline, click on the Add Trigger button and then choose Trigger Now. Within a second or two, Synapse Studio shows a small pop-up saying the pipeline execution has started. Depending on the size of the source data, the extraction process can take a couple of seconds or minutes. It can also fail if something unexpected happens. Switch to Monitor view to check the pipeline execution status. You can see there the whole history of the extraction jobs. By clicking on the pipeline name, you can drill down into job execution and display details of every activity that is part of the process. Our extraction was very basic, and it consisted of just a single Copy Data activity. Click on the small glasses icon next to the activity name to display detailed information. The detailed view of the copy activity provides the most insightful information about the extraction process. It includes the number of processed records, the total size of the dataset and the time required to process the request. We will spend more time in the monitoring area in future episodes when I’ll show you how to optimize the data transfer of large datasets. As the extraction job completed successfully, let’s have a look at the target file. Move to the Data view and expand directories under the data lake storage. Choose the container and open the path where the file was saved. Click on it with the right mouse button and choose Select Top 100 rows. In this episode, we’ve built a simple pipeline that extracts SAP data using OData protocol and saves them into the data lake. You’ve learnt about basic resources, like linked services and datasets and how to use them on the pipeline. While this episode was not remarkably challenging, we’ve built a strong foundation. Over the next weeks, we will expand the pipeline capabilities and add advanced features. In the meantime, have a look at my GitHub page, where I publish the full source code of the pipeline.Extracting SAP data using OData - Part 7 - Delta extraction using SAP Extractors and CDS Views
Before implementing data extraction from SAP systems please always verify your licensing agreement. Seven weeks passed in a blink of an eye, and we are at the end of the Summer with OData-based extraction using Synapse Pipeline. Each week I published a new episode that reveals best practices on copying SAP data to the lake, making it available for further processing and analytics. Today’s episode is a special one. Not only it is the last one from the series, but I’m going to show you some cool features around data extraction that pushed me into writing the whole series. Since I have started working on the series, it was the main topic I wanted to describe. Initially, I planned to cover it as part of my Your SAP on Azure series that I’m running for the last couple of years. But as there are many intriguing concepts in OData-based extraction, and I wanted to show you as much as I can, I decided to run a separate set of posts. I hope you enjoyed it and learnt something new. Last week I described how you could design a pipeline to extract only new and changed data using timestamps available in many OData services. By using filters, we can only select a subset of information which makes the processing much faster. But the solution I’ve shared works fine for just a part of services, where the timestamp is available as a single field. For others, you have to enhance the pipeline and make the complex expressions even more complicated. There is a much better approach. Instead of storing the watermark in the data store and then using it as filter criteria, you can convince the SAP system to manage the delta changes for you. This way, without writing any expression to compare timestamps, you can extract recently updated information. The concept isn’t new. SAP Extractors are available since I remember and are commonly used in SAP Business Warehouse. Nowadays, in recent SAP system releases, there are even analytical CDS views that support data extraction scenarios, including delta management! And the most important information is that you can expose both SAP extractors and CDS Views as OData services making them ideal data sources. EXPOSE EXTRACTORS AND CDS VIEWS AS ODATA There is a GitHub repository with source code for each episode. Learn more: https://github.com/BJarkowski/synapse-pipelines-sap-odata-public The process of exposing extractors and CDS views as OData is pretty straightforward. I think a bigger challenge is identifying the right source of data. You can list available extractors in your system in transaction RSA5. Some of them may require further processing before using. When you double click on the extractor name, you can list exposed fields together with the information if the data source supports delta extraction. In the previous episode, I mentioned that there is no timestamp information in OData service API_SALES_ORDER_SRV for entity A_SalesOrderItem. Therefore, each time we had to extract a full dataset, which was not ideal. The SAP extractor 2LIS_11_VAITM, which I’m going to use today, should solve that problem. I found it much more difficult to find CDS views that support data extraction and delta management. There is a View Browser Fiori application that lists available CDS Views in the system, but it lacks some functionality to make use of it – for example, you can’t set filters on annotations. The only workaround I found was to enter @Analytics.dataextraction.enabled:true in the search field. This way you can at least identify CDS Views that can be used for data extraction. But to check if they support delta management you have to manually check view properties. Some CDS Views are still using the timestamp column to identify new and changed information, but as my source system is SAP S/4HANA 1909, I can benefit from the enhanced Change Data Capture capabilities, which use the SLT framework and database triggers to identify delta changes. I think it’s pretty cool. If you consider using CDS Views to extract SAP data, please check fantastic blog posts published by Simon Kranig. He nicely explains the mechanics of data extraction using CDS Views. https://blogs.sap.com/2019/12/13/cds-based-data-extraction-part-i-overview/ I’ll be using the extractor 2LIS_11_VAITM to get item details and the I_GLAccountLineItemRawData to read GL documents. To expose the object as an OData service create a new project in transaction SEGW: Then select Data Model and open the context menu. Choose Redefine -> ODP Extraction. Select the object to expose. If you want to use an extractor, select DataSources / Extractors as the ODP context and provide the name in the ODP Name field: To expose a CDS View, we need to identify the SQL Name. I found it the easiest to use the View Browser and check the SQLViewName annotation: Then in the transaction SEGW create a new project and follow the exact same steps as for exposing extractors. The only difference is the Context, which should be set to ABAP Core Data Services. Further steps are the same, no matter if you work with an extractor or CDS view. Click Next. The wizard automatically creates the data model and OData service, and you only have to provide the description. Click Next again to confirm. In the pop-up window select all artefacts and click Finish. The last step is to Generate Runtime Object which you can do from the menu: Project -> Generate. Confirm model definition and after a minute your OData service will be ready for registration. Open the Activate and Maintain Services report (/n/iwfnd/maint_service) to activate created OData services. Click Add button and provide the SEGW project name as Technical Service Name: Click Add Selected Services and confirm your input. You should see a popup window saying the OData service was created successfully. Verify the system alias is correctly assigned and the ICF node is active: OData service is now published and we can start testing it. EXTRACTING DATA FROM DELTA-ENABLED ODATA SERVICES Let’s take a closer look at how does data extraction works in delta-enabled OData service. You have probably noticed during the service creation, that extractors and CDS views give you two entities to use: Representing the data source model, with the name starting with EntityOf<objectName>, FactsOf<objectName> or AttrOf<objectName> depending on the type of extractor or view Exposing information about current and past delta tokens, with the name starting with DeltaLinksOf<objectName> By default, if you send a request to the first service, you will retrieve a full dataset. Just like you’d work with any other OData services we covered in previous episodes. The magic happens if you add a special request header: Prefer: odata.track-changes It tells the system that you want it to keep track of delta changes for this OData source. Then, as a result, in the response content, together with the initial full dataset, you can find an additional field __delta with the link you can use to retrieve only new and changed information. The additional header subscribes you to the delta queue, which tracks data changes. If you follow the __delta link, which is basically the OData URL with extra query parameter !deltatoken, you will retrieve only updated information and not the full data set. In the SAP system, there is a transaction ODQMON that lets you monitor and manage subscriptions to the delta queue. You can query the second entity, with the name starting with DeltaLinksOf<EntityName>, to receive a list of the current and past delta tokens. We will use both entities to implement a pipeline in Synapse. Firstly, we will check if there are already open subscriptions. If not, then we’ll proceed with the initial full data extraction. Otherwise, we will use the latest delta token to retrieve changes made since the previous extraction. IMPLEMENTATION Open Synapse Studio and create a new pipeline. It will be triggered by the metadata one based on the ExtractionType field. Previously we have used the keywords Delta and Full to distinguish which pipeline should be started. We will use the same logic, but we’ll define a new keyword Deltatoken to distinguish delta-enabled OData services. I have added both exposed OData services to the metadata store together with the entity name. We won’t implement any additional selection or filtering here (and I’m sure you know how to do it if you need it), so you can leave the fields Select and Filter empty. Don’t forget to enter the batch size, as it’s going to be helpful in the case of large datasets. Excellent. As I mentioned earlier, to subscribe to the delta queue, we have to pass an additional request header. Unfortunately, we can’t do it at the dataset level (like we would do for REST type connection), but there is a workaround we can use. When you define an OData linked service, you have an option of passing additional authentication headers. The main purpose of this functionality is to provide API Key for services that require this sort of authentication. But it doesn’t stop us from re-using this functionality to pass our custom headers. There is just one tiny inconvenience that you should know. As the field should store an authentication key, the value is protected against unauthorized access. It means that every time you edit the linked service, you have to retype the header value, exactly the same as you would do with the password. Therefore if you ever have to edit the Linked Service again, remember to provide the header value again. Let’s make changes to the Linked Service. We need to create a parameter that we will use to pass the header value: "Header": { "type": "String" } Then to define authentication header add the following code under the typeProperties: "authHeaders": { "Prefer": { "type": "SecureString", "value": "@{linkedService().Header}" } }, For reference, below, you can find the full definition of my OData linked service. { "name": "ls_odata_sap", "type": "Microsoft.Synapse/workspaces/linkedservices", "properties": { "type": "OData", "annotations": [], "parameters": { "ODataURL": { "type": "String" }, "Header": { "type": "String" } }, "typeProperties": { "url": "@{linkedService().ODataURL}", "authenticationType": "Basic", "userName": "bjarkowski", "authHeaders": { "Prefer": { "type": "SecureString", "value": "@{linkedService().Header}" } }, "password": { "type": "AzureKeyVaultSecret", "store": { "referenceName": "ls_keyvault", "type": "LinkedServiceReference" }, "secretName": "s4hana" } }, "connectVia": { "referenceName": "SH-IR", "type": "IntegrationRuntimeReference" } } } The above change requires us to provide the header every time we use the linked service. Therefore we need to create a new parameter in the OData dataset to pass the value. Then we can reference it using an expression: In Synapse, every parameter is mandatory, and we can’t make them optional. As we use the same dataset in every pipeline, we have to provide the parameter value in every activity that uses the dataset. I use the following expression to pass an empty string. @coalesce(null) Once we enhanced the linked service and make corrections to all activities that use the affected dataset it’s time to add Lookup activity to the new pipeline. We will use it to check if there are any open subscriptions in the delta queue. The request should be sent to the DeltaLinksOf entity. Provide following expressions: ODataURL: @concat(pipeline().parameters.URL, pipeline().parameters.ODataService, '/') Entity: @concat('DeltaLinksOf', pipeline().parameters.Entity) Header: @coalesce(null) To get the OData service name to read delta tokens I concatenate ‘DeltaLinkOf’ with the entity name that’s defined in the metadata store. Ideally, to retrieve the latest delta token, we would pass the $orderby query parameter to sort the dataset by the CreatedAt field. But surprisingly, it is not supported in this OData service. Instead, we’ll pull all records and use an expression to read the most recent delta token. Create a new variable in the pipeline and add Set Variable activity. The below expression checks if there are any delta tokens available and then assigns the latest one to the variable. Add the Copy Data activity to the pipeline. The ODataURL and Entity parameters on the Source tab use the same expression as in other pipelines, so you can copy them and I won’t repeat it here. As we want to enable the delta capabilities, provide the following value as the header: odata.track-changes Change the Use Query setting to Query. The following expression checks the content of the deltatoken variable. If it’s not empty, its value is concatenated with the !deltatoken query parameter and passed to the SAP system. Simple and working! @if(empty(variables('deltatoken')), '', concat('!deltatoken=''', variables('deltatoken'), '''')) Don’t forget to configure the target datastore in the Sink tab. You can copy all settings from one of the other pipelines – they are all the same. We’re almost done! The last thing is to add another case in the Switch activity on the metadata pipeline to trigger the newly created flow whenever it finds delta token value in the metadata store. We could finish here and start testing. But there is one more awesome thing I want to show you! The fourth part of the series focuses on paging. To deal with very large datasets, we implemented a special routine to split requests into smaller chunks. With SAP extractors and CDS views exposed as OData, we don’t have to implement a similar architecture. They support server-side pagination and we just have to pass another header value to enable it. Currently, in the Copy Data activity, we’re sending odata.track-chages as the header value. To enable server-side paging we have to extend it with odata.maxpagesize=<batch_size>. Let’s make the correction in the Copy Data activity. Replace the Header parameter with the following expression: @concat('odata.track-changes, odata.maxpagesize=', pipeline().parameters.Batch) Server-side pagination is a great improvement comparing with the solution I described in episode four. EXECUTION AND MONITORING I will run two tests to verify the solution works as expected. Firstly, after ensuring there are no open subscriptions in the delta queue, I will extract all records and initialize the delta load. Then I’ll change a couple of sales order line items and run the extraction process again. Let’s check it! The first extraction went fine. Out of 6 child OData services, two were processed by the pipeline supporting delta token. That fits what I have defined in the database. Let’s take a closer look at the extraction details. I fetched 379 sales order line items and 23 316 general ledger line items, which seems to be the correct amount. In the ODQMON transaction, I can see two open delta queue subscriptions for both objects, which proves the request header was attached to the request. I changed one sales order line item and added an extra one. Let’s see if the pipeline picks them up. Wait! Three records? How is that possible if I only made two changes? Some delta-enabled OData services provide the functionality not only to track new items but also records deleted information. That’s especially useful in the case of sales orders. Unlike a posted accounting document, which can be only ‘removed’ by reversal posting, a sales order is open for changes much longer. Therefore, to have consistent data in the lake, we should also include deleted information. But still, why did I extract three changes if I only made two changes? Because that’s how this extractor works. Instead of only sending the updated row, it firstly marks the whole row for deletion and then creates a new one with the correct data. So the only thing left is the validation of the server-side paging. And I have to admit it was a struggle as I couldn’t find a place in Synapse Pipelines to verify the number of chunks. Eventually, I had to use ICM Monitor to check logs at the SAP application servers. I found there an entry suggesting the paging actually took place – can you see the !skiptoken query parameter received by the SAP system? Do you remember that when you run delta-enabled extraction, there is an additional field __delta with a link to the next set of data? Server-side paging works in a very similar way. At the end of each response, there is an extra field __skip with the link to the next chunk of data. Both solutions use tokens passed as the query parameters. As we can see, the URL contains the token, which proves Synapse used server-side pagination to read all data. It seems everything is working fine! Great job! EPILOGUE Next week there won’t be another episode of the OData extraction series. During the last seven weeks, I covered all topics I considered essential to create a reliable data extraction process using OData services. Initially, we built a simple pipeline that could only process a single (and not containing much data) OData service per execution. It worked well but was quite annoying. Whenever we wanted to extract data from a couple of services, we had to modify the pipeline. Not an ideal solution. But I would be lying if I said we didn’t improve! Things got much better over time. In the second episode, we introduced pipeline parameters that eliminated the need for manual changes. Then, another episode brought metadata store to manage all services from a single place. The next two episodes focus on performance. I introduced the concept of paging to deal with large datasets, and we also discussed selects and filters to reduce the amount of data to replicate. The last two parts were all about delta extraction. I especially wanted to cover delta processing using extractors and CDS views as I think it’s powerful, yet not commonly known. Of course, the series doesn’t cover all aspects of data extraction. But I hope this blog series gives you a strong foundation to find solutions and improvements on your own. 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