How can I fully know if an SD card is damaged?

A couple of weeks ago, I updated my Redmi Note 8 OS to MIUI 12. Everything went well, except for the fact that now I couldn't get permissions to move screenshots and imagines to my SD card. I tried everything and it still wouldn't let me under any circumstances and there's a clear abnormality when trying to force the files into the SD using my PC and a USB cable.

Using this method, it will let me move stuff around, but just for a limited, random amount of time. After said time, an error window will pop up and I won't be able to further interact with the SD until unplugging and plugging the phone into the computer again.

After looking up possible reasons for this, I heard that the update to MIUI 12 often triggered said problems in SD cards that were inserted in the phone getting updated and that it "damaged" the SD.

The thing is, after politely ignoring the issue for like two weeks (I got way too frustrated to keep trying **bleep**), the SD doesn't look that much damaged, since everything is perfectly normal except for the mentioned issue. Which still sucks, because I tend to move screenshots around pretty often, so I still want to get to the bottom of this.

So this is my question: Was my SD truly damaged by the MUUI update? Like, can a "damaged" SD card just present this single symptom and nothing else? Is there a program that can help me check this for certain?