I also encountered this error and found the possible quick fix on this issue:
1. Go to Window Settings > Apps > Installed Apps (alternatively use "Windows Key + I" then click Apps > Installed Apps ) , then find Microsoft Edge (showing the version/build no.) in the Apps List.
2. On the right of App List for Microsoft Edge click the 3 dots "..." , then Modify (click Yes to the prompt to allow changes) then click Repair button. This will start repair the installation files for Microsoft Edge. After successfully repaired it should be able to launch the Edge browser without the error.