So everyone asking about logs, check out the Microsoft-Windows-Hyper-V-Compute/Operational event log in Event Viewer. That's where you'll see the container being created and things like memory and GPU settings being set.
I was experiencing the same problem as others. I'd get the splash screen for a few seconds and then it would die with no error message of any kind. After checking out the events in the log, I saw that the virtual environment was failing when setting the GPU settings ("Modify compute system, settings '{"ResourcePath":"VirtualMachine/ComputeTopology/Gpu","RequestType":"Update","Settings":{"AssignmentMode":"Mirror"}}', result 0x80070032") You can see the "result" code in that message is not 0x00000000, which would be a success code. So I knew my failures were related to my GPU.
I have an older Lenovo W540 laptop and it comes with two display adapters, Intel HD Graphics 4600 and Nvidia Quadro K1100M. On a whim, I disabled the Nvidia display adapter in Device Manager so that only the Intel adapter would be active. Then I launched Sandbox again and it worked perfectly. In fact, I'm typing this entire comment from within my sandbox.
I don't know exactly why this is happening. I can only guess that either the sandbox gets confused by the presence of two adapters, or my Nvidia card/driver combo doesn't support this setup. I'm going to file a bug for this, but figured I'd leave this info here in case anyone else had a similar setup.
Matt