pw-ski Besides existing permissions that Site Owners or Site Admins can control, or to prevent oversharing in general, SharePoint Administrators in the tenant could use SharePoint Advanced Management to restrict SharePoint site access (Restrict SharePoint site access with Microsoft 365 groups and Entra security groups). This feature offers the possibility to restrict/force permissions for certain user groups, regardless of the permissions assigned on the site itself. Effective permissions on SharePoint content by using this feature affect the visibility of search results (of course!).
Another option to restrict accessibility of certain SharePoint content, only to selected user groups, could be achieved by information barriers (Learn about information barriers). This is another optional possibility to configure "barriers".
These options mentioned above have a direct impact on search and the way users can see and interact with search results.