paryzhov Great question - to summarize what I think are the key differences: (1) Office Scripts integrates with Power Automate which allows you to connect your automations in Excel to other first/third-party applications e.g. to automate sending an email with the results of your script (2) VBA runs on desktop-only. Office Scripts currently only runs on the web, though we are investigating ways to make this a solution that works cross-platform (3) VBA allows for event-based triggers (e.g. running a script on file open). Office Scripts currently doesn't offer this functionality, though you're able to schedule scripts to run through Power Automate.
Feel free to check out this article from our documentation or Leila's video comparing VBA and Office Scripts for more information.