This technique for troubleshooting was what we used when migrating content from our On-Prem SharePoint instance to SharePoint Online. We had our internal machines and IP addresses included and we also had the box ticked to allow Azure resources through, but we were still finding that no files were being moved.
Upon opening the logs, we found several IP addresses that were being blocked. We looked them those IP addresses in the O365 URLs listing (Office 365 URLs and IP address ranges - Microsoft 365 Enterprise | Microsoft Docs) and verified where they were coming from. After we added in the CIDR ranges that matched the blocked IPs, our migration data started flowing through the Storage Account as expected.
This also applies to OneDrive for Business migration... We were using the SharePoint Migration Tool - Custom Azure Storage settings. The Azure Storage Explorer tool was also useful during our troubleshooting.