Microsoft
Microsoftscreig, good points. We've been working on radical improvements in these important areas.
1. We added in-place Postgres version upgrade to Hyperscale (Citus) when we introduced more than one major Postgres versions. You can initiate Postgres upgrade by clicking the 'Upgrade' button in 'Overview' page of your Hyperscale (Citus) server group.
Of course, as the first step we recommend to create a clone of your server group, upgrade it, test and change your app if needed, and only then repeat these steps on your production server group. You can do all of these operations - cloning (Restore button next to Upgrade button), upgrade - from Azure portal.
On a related note, Hyperscale (Citus) currently supports Postgres 11, 12, 13, and 14. Yes, Postgres 14 too, the one that was released couple of weeks ago.
2. Private access: This is another important area. Recently we launched preview for Private access in Hyperscale (Citus). It is implemented using battle tested Private Link technology and allows you to create private endpoints for coordinator or all nodes in your server group (your choice). Once private endpoints are created you can access your Hyperscale (Citus) nodes from within selected virtual network, peered local and global virtual networks, connected on-prem sites, and via Express Route.
Update in October 2022: Citus has a new home on Azure! The Citus database is now available as a managed service in the cloud as Azure Cosmos DB for PostgreSQL. Azure documentation links have been updated throughout the post, to point to the new Azure docs.
\n\n
If you’ve built your application on Postgres, you already know why so many people love Postgres.
\n\n
And if you’re new to Postgres, the list of reasons people love Postgres is loooong—and includes things like: 3 decades of database reliability baked in; rich datatypes; support for custom types; myriad index types from B-tree to GIN to BRIN to GiST; support for JSON and JSONB from early days; constraints; foreign data wrappers; rollups; the geospatial capabilities of the PostGIS extension, and all the innovations that come from the many Postgres extensions.
\n\n
But what to do if your Postgres database gets very large?
\n\n
What if all the memory and compute on a single Postgres server can’t meet the needs of your application?
\n\n
In this post, let’s walk through when you might want to scale out Postgres horizontally. Specifically, when to use Hyperscale (Citus), a built-in deployment option in our Azure Database for PostgreSQL managed service. But first: what exactly is Hyperscale (Citus)?
\n\n
\n
\n
Citus is an open source extension to Postgres that transforms Postgres into a distributed database.
\n\n
Citus uses sharding and replication to distribute your Postgres tables and queries across multiple machines—parallelizing your workload and enabling you to use the memory, compute, and disk of a multi-machine database cluster.
\n\n
Hyperscale (Citus) is the integration of the Citus extension with our managed Postgres service on Azure. When you go to provision an Azure Database for PostgreSQL server on the Azure portal, you’ll see Hyperscale (Citus) is one of the built-in deployment options available to you. (See Figure 1 below.) Under the covers, the Citus open source extension is at the core of Hyperscale (Citus).
\n\n
In short: Hyperscale (Citus) = managed Postgres service on Azure + Citus
\n\n
Why would you want to use Hyperscale (Citus) to scale out Postgres on Azure?
\n\n
The beauty of Citus is that as far as your app is concerned, you’re still running on top of Postgres. So if you decide to migrate from a single Postgres node to Citus, the good news is you don’t have to re-architect your application. You can generally make the transition to Citus with minimal changes.1 After all, an application running on Citus is still running on Postgres—just, distributed Postgres.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Why do so many people run their applications on top of a managed database service?
\n\n
The primary reason is that by outsourcing database operations, you can focus your time on your application—in terms of new features, bug fixes, refactoring, and adding the kinds of capabilities that make your app more competitive.
\n\n
I know it seems easy to set up a Postgres server, and it is. You can probably stand one up in 10 minutes or less. But setting up a resilient, production-ready Postgres server takes time and effort. “Production-ready” means you have to architect for backups, high availability, upgrades, hardware issues, security, and monitoring. And even if you have managed your own production Postgres server in the past—managing a distributed Citus cluster is a bit more complicated.
\n\n
What do I mean? One example is backups. To manage your own backups in Postgres, you have to figure out where to back up to, how to make sure your backup storage is resilient, and how frequently you should backup to meet your RPO (Recovery Point Objective) and RTO (Recovery Time Objective)—and then you have to find a way to automate your backups, too. To manage backups in a distributed Citus cluster, you have to do even more, including making sure you have consistent versions of backups across all your Postgres nodes—hence, more complicated.
\n\n
A managed database service can make all of this so much easier.
\n\n
In addition to wanting to outsource the work of managing Postgres in production, another reason why teams use a managed service like Azure Database for PostgreSQL—is time.
\n\n
Time is, after all, our scarcest resource. Think about it: if you’re lucky, you have about 30K days on this planet.
\n\n
I point this out because so often when people talk about the value of managed database services, the benefit of a PaaS that often gets overlooked is the opportunity cost. What else could you be doing with your time instead of managing database infrastructure?
\n\n
\n
Ok, so now you know the primary reasons to scale out Postgres with Hyperscale (Citus) are 1) scale and 2) performance. Often both. But problems with performance and scale manifest in different ways depending on the nature of your workloads. So how do you know if you could benefit from Hyperscale (Citus)?
\n\n
Here are the 7 signs we often see among teams adopting Hyperscale (Citus):
\n\n
\n
\n
You might be wondering: Is my use case a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here are 4 example use cases—not an exhaustive list, just a few examples—where Hyperscale (Citus) can help you to improve the scale and performance of your application.
\n\n
One key characteristic for the first 3 of these use cases is that with Hyperscale (Citus) you can handle a mixture of both transactional & analytical workloads within the same database—at scale. To see how Hyperscale (Citus) performs for mixed workloads (sometimes called HTAP, or hybrid transactional analytical processing), check out this ~15 minute Hyperscale (Citus) demo. The demo uses the HammerDB benchmark to simulate a transactional workload and uses rollups to speed up analytics queries.3
\n\n
4 examples of use cases that are a fit for Hyperscale (Citus):
\n\n
\n
One of our users described Citus as insanely fast for real-time analytics.
But what does that mean? When we talk about “real-time analytics”, we’re talking about applications that power customer-facing analytics dashboards. Some example applications include things like web and mobile analytics; behavioral analytics via funnel analysis and segmentation; anomaly and fraud detection; and geospatial analytics. The data being analyzed is generally event data or time series data; this time component is why some of these are also called \"time series\" use cases.
\n\n
When I first started working with Citus, the key insight for me was to realize that the “customer-facing” aspect is what drives the “real-time” requirement of these dashboards. Because these analytics dashboards are customer-facing, and because the customers are not willing to wait for coffee (and certainly not overnight!) to get responses to their queries, the data needs to be ingested and made available in the dashboard for analysis in real-time. Or at least, in human real-time, which is usually single digit seconds, or sub-second, or even milliseconds.
\n\n
Here’s a quick checklist you can use to see if you have a real-time analytics workload that is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus). If you check most of these boxes—not necessarily all, just most—then the answer is YES.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR REAL-TIME OPERATIONAL ANALYTICS:
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Oh, and there is a comprehensive technical use case guide for real-time analytics dashboards you might find super useful.
\n\n
\n
Many Software as a Service (SaaS) applications are multi-tenant. And it turns out that multi-tenant applications can be a really good fit for sharding with Citus, because the customer ID (sometimes called the `tenant_id`, or `account_id`) makes for a natural distribution key.4 The notion of tenancy is already built into your data model!
\n\n
Multi-tenant data models generally require your database to keep all tenant data separate from each other. But if you’re a SaaS provider, you often need to run queries across all the tenants, to understand the behavior of your application and what features are working well or not. Sharding your Postgres database with something like Hyperscale (Citus) gives you the best of both worlds: your customer’s data is kept isolated from other customer data and yet you can still monitor/observe how your application is behaving across all of your customers’s activities.
\n\n
Here’s a checklist to determine if your SaaS application is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus). If you check most of these items (you don’t need to check them all) then your SaaS app is likely a fit for Citus.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR MULTI-TENANT SAAS
\n\n
If docs are what you’re looking for, there is a comprehensive technical use case guide for Multi-tenant applications that should be useful to you.
\n\n
\n
It’s been over 20 years since the term “Internet of Things” (IOT) became part of our lexicon. So long that it’s hard to remember what the world was like before we had sensors everywhere, from doorbells to manufacturing lines to elevators to windmills.
\n\n
Bottom line all these devices generate a ton of data these days, and all that data needs to be monitored and analyzed. Often with these IOT workloads, the sharding key (aka the distribution column in Citus) ends up being the device ID.
\n\n
Some IOT applications focus only on the most up-to-date working state of each device (what is the current temperature? when was the last login?) Those IOT applications use UPDATEs in the database, where current state of things (\"last known values\") can be continuously updated. Other IOT applications need to store and query historic events (how many device failures happened in the last 3 hours?) and can use append-only databases.
\n\n
Enabling your IOT application to query both historic events and the current working state of the device (how many failures happened when last known temperature was greater than 90 degrees?) makes for a powerful experience. That means your database needs to handle both updates and JOINs—between, say, your devices table and your events table. Some of the different types of IOT queries you might have:
\n\n
Why Hyperscale (Citus) for these IOT workloads? Well, first because a relational database like Postgres gives you relational features such as JOINs. And, because Hyperscale (Citus) lets you ingest and query concurrently and at scale. If you’ve read through the other use cases in this post, then you probably see the pattern: by distributing Postgres across multiple servers, Hyperscale (Citus) enables you to parallelize your queries and take advantage of the combined compute, memory, and disk resources of all the servers in the Hyperscale (Citus) server group.
\n\n
How do you know if your IOT application is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here’s a checklist you can start with:
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR IOT WORKLOADS
\n\n
\n
\n
Some transactional applications are so big in terms of the sheer amount of data, the number of transactions, and the performance expectations—that a single Postgres server cannot meet their needs. But these applications still need the consistency of transactions (not eventual consistency, but strong consistency.) We call these types of applications “high-throughput transactional applications” or “high-throughput OLTP.” It’s not a perfect name, I know—and truth be told some of our developers use a different name to describe this type of workload: “high-performance CRUD.”
\n\n
Because many of these workloads involve semi-structured data such as JSON—and because Postgres is well known for its JSON capabilities—these high-throughput transactional apps are a good fit for Postgres. Particularly now that Postgres can be distributed with Hyperscale (Citus).
\n\n
What are the signs that your high-throughput transactional application might be a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here’s a checklist. If you can check most of these boxes—not necessarily all, just some—then your app is likely a good fit.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT TRANSACTIONAL APPS:
\n\n
\n
\n
When it comes to delivering performance and scale to data-intensive apps, the phrase “it depends” is often bandied about. For good reason. There is no panacea, and it’s always about tradeoffs. I’m hoping the walk through some of the Hyperscale (Citus) use cases—and the checklists—make it easier for you to answer the question of “when to use Hyperscale (Citus) to scale out Postgres?”
In summary, Hyperscale (Citus) gives you the performance and scalability superpowers of the Citus extension combined with all the PaaS benefits of a managed Postgres database service.\n
\n
And if you’re wondering when you should not use Hyperscale (Citus), well, there are definitely situations where Hyperscale (Citus) is not a fit. The most obvious scenario is when a single Postgres server is sufficient to meet the needs of your application, i.e. when your database fits in memory, performance is snappy, and you’re not faced with the challenges of growth. Another scenario that is not a fit: offline data warehousing—where you run batch offline data loads with lots of complex and custom analytics queries, where you need to analyze TBs of data in a single query, where your data model is not very sharding friendly because you have so many different types of tables and no two tables use the same key. Another scenario where Hyperscale (Citus) is not a fit: where your analytics app doesn’t need to support concurrency.
\n\n
So if Postgres is your poison and you need more performance and scale than you can eek out of a single Postgres server, you should consider Hyperscale (Citus). Especially if your application is a real-time analytics dashboard, multi-tenant SaaS application, IOT application, or high-throughput OLTP app.
\n\n
\n
To figure out if Hyperscale (Citus) on Azure Database for PostgreSQL is right for you and your app, here are some ways to roll up your sleeves and get started. Since many of you have different learning modes, I’m including a mix of doing, reading, and watching options below. Pick what works best for you!
\n\n
\n
Oh, and if you want to stay connected, you can follow our @AzureCosmosDB and @citusdata accounts on Twitter. Plus, we ship a monthly technical Citus Newsletter to our open source community. It’s pretty useful. Here’s an archive of past Citus Newsletters: you can sign up here, too.
\n\n
If you need help figuring out whether Citus on Azure is a good fit for your workload, you can always reach out to our Citus on Azure product team—the team that helped to create Citus on Azure—via email at Ask Azure Cosmos DB. We’d love to hear from you. 🙂
\n\n
\n
Footnotes:
\n\n
One of the most common questions we get: when to use Hyperscale (Citus)? What use cases are a fit for scaling out Postgres?
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\n\n
If you’ve built your application on Postgres, you already know why so many people love Postgres.
\n\n
And if you’re new to Postgres, the list of reasons people love Postgres is loooong—and includes things like: 3 decades of database reliability baked in; rich datatypes; support for custom types; myriad index types from B-tree to GIN to BRIN to GiST; support for JSON and JSONB from early days; constraints; foreign data wrappers; rollups; the geospatial capabilities of the PostGIS extension, and all the innovations that come from the many Postgres extensions.
\n\n
But what to do if your Postgres database gets very large?
\n\n
What if all the memory and compute on a single Postgres server can’t meet the needs of your application?
\n\n
In this post, let’s walk through when you might want to scale out Postgres horizontally. Specifically, when to use Hyperscale (Citus), a built-in deployment option in our Azure Database for PostgreSQL managed service. But first: what exactly is Hyperscale (Citus)?
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Citus is an open source extension to Postgres that transforms Postgres into a distributed database.
\n\n
Citus uses sharding and replication to distribute your Postgres tables and queries across multiple machines—parallelizing your workload and enabling you to use the memory, compute, and disk of a multi-machine database cluster.
\n\n
Hyperscale (Citus) is the integration of the Citus extension with our managed Postgres service on Azure. When you go to provision an Azure Database for PostgreSQL server on the Azure portal, you’ll see Hyperscale (Citus) is one of the built-in deployment options available to you. (See Figure 1 below.) Under the covers, the Citus open source extension is at the core of Hyperscale (Citus).
\n\n
In short: Hyperscale (Citus) = managed Postgres service on Azure + Citus
\n\n
Why would you want to use Hyperscale (Citus) to scale out Postgres on Azure?
\n\n
The beauty of Citus is that as far as your app is concerned, you’re still running on top of Postgres. So if you decide to migrate from a single Postgres node to Citus, the good news is you don’t have to re-architect your application. You can generally make the transition to Citus with minimal changes.1 After all, an application running on Citus is still running on Postgres—just, distributed Postgres.
\n\n
\n
Figure 1: Screenshot of the Azure Portal’s provisioning page for Azure Database for PostgreSQL, showcasing the deployment options, including Hyperscale (Citus).
\n\n
\n
Why do so many people run their applications on top of a managed database service?
\n\n
The primary reason is that by outsourcing database operations, you can focus your time on your application—in terms of new features, bug fixes, refactoring, and adding the kinds of capabilities that make your app more competitive.
\n\n
I know it seems easy to set up a Postgres server, and it is. You can probably stand one up in 10 minutes or less. But setting up a resilient, production-ready Postgres server takes time and effort. “Production-ready” means you have to architect for backups, high availability, upgrades, hardware issues, security, and monitoring. And even if you have managed your own production Postgres server in the past—managing a distributed Citus cluster is a bit more complicated.
\n\n
What do I mean? One example is backups. To manage your own backups in Postgres, you have to figure out where to back up to, how to make sure your backup storage is resilient, and how frequently you should backup to meet your RPO (Recovery Point Objective) and RTO (Recovery Time Objective)—and then you have to find a way to automate your backups, too. To manage backups in a distributed Citus cluster, you have to do even more, including making sure you have consistent versions of backups across all your Postgres nodes—hence, more complicated.
\n\n
A managed database service can make all of this so much easier.
\n\n
In addition to wanting to outsource the work of managing Postgres in production, another reason why teams use a managed service like Azure Database for PostgreSQL—is time.
\n\n
Time is, after all, our scarcest resource. Think about it: if you’re lucky, you have about 30K days on this planet.
\n\n
I point this out because so often when people talk about the value of managed database services, the benefit of a PaaS that often gets overlooked is the opportunity cost. What else could you be doing with your time instead of managing database infrastructure?
\n\n
\n
Ok, so now you know the primary reasons to scale out Postgres with Hyperscale (Citus) are 1) scale and 2) performance. Often both. But problems with performance and scale manifest in different ways depending on the nature of your workloads. So how do you know if you could benefit from Hyperscale (Citus)?
\n\n
Here are the 7 signs we often see among teams adopting Hyperscale (Citus):
\n\n
\n
\n
You might be wondering: Is my use case a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here are 4 example use cases—not an exhaustive list, just a few examples—where Hyperscale (Citus) can help you to improve the scale and performance of your application.
\n\n
One key characteristic for the first 3 of these use cases is that with Hyperscale (Citus) you can handle a mixture of both transactional & analytical workloads within the same database—at scale. To see how Hyperscale (Citus) performs for mixed workloads (sometimes called HTAP, or hybrid transactional analytical processing), check out this ~15 minute Hyperscale (Citus) demo. The demo uses the HammerDB benchmark to simulate a transactional workload and uses rollups to speed up analytics queries.3
\n\n
4 examples of use cases that are a fit for Hyperscale (Citus):
\n\n
\n
One of our users described Citus as insanely fast for real-time analytics.
But what does that mean? When we talk about “real-time analytics”, we’re talking about applications that power customer-facing analytics dashboards. Some example applications include things like web and mobile analytics; behavioral analytics via funnel analysis and segmentation; anomaly and fraud detection; and geospatial analytics. The data being analyzed is generally event data or time series data; this time component is why some of these are also called \"time series\" use cases.
\n\n
When I first started working with Citus, the key insight for me was to realize that the “customer-facing” aspect is what drives the “real-time” requirement of these dashboards. Because these analytics dashboards are customer-facing, and because the customers are not willing to wait for coffee (and certainly not overnight!) to get responses to their queries, the data needs to be ingested and made available in the dashboard for analysis in real-time. Or at least, in human real-time, which is usually single digit seconds, or sub-second, or even milliseconds.
\n\n
Here’s a quick checklist you can use to see if you have a real-time analytics workload that is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus). If you check most of these boxes—not necessarily all, just most—then the answer is YES.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR REAL-TIME OPERATIONAL ANALYTICS:
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Oh, and there is a comprehensive technical use case guide for real-time analytics dashboards you might find super useful.
\n\n
\n
Many Software as a Service (SaaS) applications are multi-tenant. And it turns out that multi-tenant applications can be a really good fit for sharding with Citus, because the customer ID (sometimes called the `tenant_id`, or `account_id`) makes for a natural distribution key.4 The notion of tenancy is already built into your data model!
\n\n
Multi-tenant data models generally require your database to keep all tenant data separate from each other. But if you’re a SaaS provider, you often need to run queries across all the tenants, to understand the behavior of your application and what features are working well or not. Sharding your Postgres database with something like Hyperscale (Citus) gives you the best of both worlds: your customer’s data is kept isolated from other customer data and yet you can still monitor/observe how your application is behaving across all of your customers’s activities.
\n\n
Here’s a checklist to determine if your SaaS application is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus). If you check most of these items (you don’t need to check them all) then your SaaS app is likely a fit for Citus.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR MULTI-TENANT SAAS
\n\n
If docs are what you’re looking for, there is a comprehensive technical use case guide for Multi-tenant applications that should be useful to you.
\n\n
\n
It’s been over 20 years since the term “Internet of Things” (IOT) became part of our lexicon. So long that it’s hard to remember what the world was like before we had sensors everywhere, from doorbells to manufacturing lines to elevators to windmills.
\n\n
Bottom line all these devices generate a ton of data these days, and all that data needs to be monitored and analyzed. Often with these IOT workloads, the sharding key (aka the distribution column in Citus) ends up being the device ID.
\n\n
Some IOT applications focus only on the most up-to-date working state of each device (what is the current temperature? when was the last login?) Those IOT applications use UPDATEs in the database, where current state of things (\"last known values\") can be continuously updated. Other IOT applications need to store and query historic events (how many device failures happened in the last 3 hours?) and can use append-only databases.
\n\n
Enabling your IOT application to query both historic events and the current working state of the device (how many failures happened when last known temperature was greater than 90 degrees?) makes for a powerful experience. That means your database needs to handle both updates and JOINs—between, say, your devices table and your events table. Some of the different types of IOT queries you might have:
\n\n
Why Hyperscale (Citus) for these IOT workloads? Well, first because a relational database like Postgres gives you relational features such as JOINs. And, because Hyperscale (Citus) lets you ingest and query concurrently and at scale. If you’ve read through the other use cases in this post, then you probably see the pattern: by distributing Postgres across multiple servers, Hyperscale (Citus) enables you to parallelize your queries and take advantage of the combined compute, memory, and disk resources of all the servers in the Hyperscale (Citus) server group.
\n\n
How do you know if your IOT application is a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here’s a checklist you can start with:
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR IOT WORKLOADS
\n\n
\n
\n
Some transactional applications are so big in terms of the sheer amount of data, the number of transactions, and the performance expectations—that a single Postgres server cannot meet their needs. But these applications still need the consistency of transactions (not eventual consistency, but strong consistency.) We call these types of applications “high-throughput transactional applications” or “high-throughput OLTP.” It’s not a perfect name, I know—and truth be told some of our developers use a different name to describe this type of workload: “high-performance CRUD.”
\n\n
Because many of these workloads involve semi-structured data such as JSON—and because Postgres is well known for its JSON capabilities—these high-throughput transactional apps are a good fit for Postgres. Particularly now that Postgres can be distributed with Hyperscale (Citus).
\n\n
What are the signs that your high-throughput transactional application might be a good fit for Hyperscale (Citus)? Here’s a checklist. If you can check most of these boxes—not necessarily all, just some—then your app is likely a good fit.
\n\n
HYPERSCALE (CITUS) CHECKLIST FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT TRANSACTIONAL APPS:
\n\n
\n
\n
When it comes to delivering performance and scale to data-intensive apps, the phrase “it depends” is often bandied about. For good reason. There is no panacea, and it’s always about tradeoffs. I’m hoping the walk through some of the Hyperscale (Citus) use cases—and the checklists—make it easier for you to answer the question of “when to use Hyperscale (Citus) to scale out Postgres?”
In summary, Hyperscale (Citus) gives you the performance and scalability superpowers of the Citus extension combined with all the PaaS benefits of a managed Postgres database service.\n
\n
And if you’re wondering when you should not use Hyperscale (Citus), well, there are definitely situations where Hyperscale (Citus) is not a fit. The most obvious scenario is when a single Postgres server is sufficient to meet the needs of your application, i.e. when your database fits in memory, performance is snappy, and you’re not faced with the challenges of growth. Another scenario that is not a fit: offline data warehousing—where you run batch offline data loads with lots of complex and custom analytics queries, where you need to analyze TBs of data in a single query, where your data model is not very sharding friendly because you have so many different types of tables and no two tables use the same key. Another scenario where Hyperscale (Citus) is not a fit: where your analytics app doesn’t need to support concurrency.
\n\n
So if Postgres is your poison and you need more performance and scale than you can eek out of a single Postgres server, you should consider Hyperscale (Citus). Especially if your application is a real-time analytics dashboard, multi-tenant SaaS application, IOT application, or high-throughput OLTP app.
\n\n
\n
To figure out if Hyperscale (Citus) on Azure Database for PostgreSQL is right for you and your app, here are some ways to roll up your sleeves and get started. Since many of you have different learning modes, I’m including a mix of doing, reading, and watching options below. Pick what works best for you!
\n\n
\n
Oh, and if you want to stay connected, you can follow our @AzureCosmosDB and @citusdata accounts on Twitter. Plus, we ship a monthly technical Citus Newsletter to our open source community. It’s pretty useful. Here’s an archive of past Citus Newsletters: you can sign up here, too.
\n\n
If you need help figuring out whether Citus on Azure is a good fit for your workload, you can always reach out to our Citus on Azure product team—the team that helped to create Citus on Azure—via email at Ask Azure Cosmos DB. We’d love to hear from you. 🙂
\n\n
Figure 2: The Citus Elicorn is the mascot for our Citus open source project. Called an “elicorn” because it is part elephant and part unicorn, the Elicorn is a mixture of the Postgres project’s elephant mascot and the magical unicorn. Why a unicorn? Because Citus is kind of magical in how we transform Postgres into a distributed database.
\n\n
Footnotes:
\n\n
screig, good points. We've been working on radical improvements in these important areas.
\n\n
1. We added in-place Postgres version upgrade to Hyperscale (Citus) when we introduced more than one major Postgres versions. You can initiate Postgres upgrade by clicking the 'Upgrade' button in 'Overview' page of your Hyperscale (Citus) server group.
\n\n
Of course, as the first step we recommend to create a clone of your server group, upgrade it, test and change your app if needed, and only then repeat these steps on your production server group. You can do all of these operations - cloning (Restore button next to Upgrade button), upgrade - from Azure portal.
\n\n
On a related note, Hyperscale (Citus) currently supports Postgres 11, 12, 13, and 14. Yes, Postgres 14 too, the one that was released couple of weeks ago.
\n\n
2. Private access: This is another important area. Recently we launched preview for Private access in Hyperscale (Citus). It is implemented using battle tested Private Link technology and allows you to create private endpoints for coordinator or all nodes in your server group (your choice). Once private endpoints are created you can access your Hyperscale (Citus) nodes from within selected virtual network, peered local and global virtual networks, connected on-prem sites, and via Express Route.
\n\n
","body@stringLength":"1985","rawBody":"
\n
1. We added in-place Postgres version upgrade to Hyperscale (Citus) when we introduced more than one major Postgres versions. You can initiate Postgres upgrade by clicking the 'Upgrade' button in 'Overview' page of your Hyperscale (Citus) server group.
\n\n
Of course, as the first step we recommend to create a clone of your server group, upgrade it, test and change your app if needed, and only then repeat these steps on your production server group. You can do all of these operations - cloning (Restore button next to Upgrade button), upgrade - from Azure portal.
\n\n
On a related note, Hyperscale (Citus) currently supports Postgres 11, 12, 13, and 14. Yes, Postgres 14 too, the one that was released couple of weeks ago.
\n\n
2. Private access: This is another important area. Recently we launched preview for Private access in Hyperscale (Citus). It is implemented using battle tested Private Link technology and allows you to create private endpoints for coordinator or all nodes in your server group (your choice). Once private endpoints are created you can access your Hyperscale (Citus) nodes from within selected virtual network, peered local and global virtual networks, connected on-prem sites, and via Express Route.
\n\n
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