What AI Agents for Modernization Look Like in Practice
We’ve all been put onto an initiative to “modernize” our company’s applications. But talk about a haphazard and confusing project to be put on. Apps are older than anyone first thought, there are dependencies nobody can explain, and business critical services blocked behind another team's roadmap. Yet all of them are competing for the same developers. It’s overwhelming! What can you do? AI agents are helping teams unravel the modernization maze. Mandy Whaley wrote a recent post introducing some of the latest tech let’s take a bit of a deeper look. Most teams do not have a one-app problem GitHub Copilot modernization helps solve the problem of having to sort through several applications to modernize. You don’t have to be alone managing different complexities, dependencies, urgency, and ages of modernizing multiple applications! GitHub Copilot modernization helps create a repeatable way to understand each application before developers get their hands dirty. The GitHub Copilot modernization workflow GitHub Copilot modernization helps teams upgrade .NET projects and migrate them to Azure. It’s first going to assess your project and produce a markdown file that gives you an overview of what all needs to be done. Then it plans out the steps of the upgrade in more detail. Finally, it gets to it ,performing the code changes, fixes and validation. It works across Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code, the GitHub Copilot CLI, and GitHub.com. The Assessment Step The workflow starts with assessment: project, structure, dependencies, code patterns. GitHub Copilot modernization examines your project structure, dependencies, and code patterns to identify what needs to change. It generates an dotnet-upgrade-plan.md file in .github/upgrades so you have something concrete to review before the workflow moves forward. Plus, you can choose your .NET version (8, 9 or 10), supporting modernization standards and patterns in your organization, The Planning Step Once you approve the assessment that the GitHub Copilot modernization agent creates and you always get to approve before it proceeds to the next step,it moves on to planning. The planning step documents the approach in more detail. According to the documentation, the plan covers upgrade strategies, refactoring approaches, dependency upgrade paths, and risk mitigations. You can review and edit that Markdown before moving on to execution. The Execution Step Approve the planning document and the agent moves into execution mode. Here it breaks the plan down into discrete tasks with concrete validation criteria. And once everything looks good it begins to make changes to the code base. From there, we begin the upgrade work. If Copilot runs into a problem, it tries to identify the cause and apply a fix. Updating the task status and it creates Git commits for each portion of the process so you can review what changed or roll back if needed! The benefits of the steps By breaking each stage down into concrete steps teams get the chance to review the plan, understand what is changing, and decide where manual intervention is still needed. Architects and app owners have something concrete to look at, change if necessary, and push to version. Migrating to the cloud GitHub Copilot modernization is not limited to moving a project to a newer version of .NET. It also helps assess cloud readiness, recommend Azure resources, apply migration best practices, and support deployment to Azure. The Azure migration process of Copilot modernization helps answer questions like: Where should the application run? What services should I use with it? What parts of the application should stay in place for now, and what parts should be adapted for Azure? Teams can work through migration paths related to managed identity, Azure SQL, Azure Blob Storage, Azure File Storage, Microsoft Entra ID, Azure Key Vault, Azure Service Bus, Azure Cache for Redis, and OpenTelemetry on Azure. That is the kind of work that moves an application beyond a version update and into a more complete modernization effort. Humans still matter Agents can reduce manual work, can help teams move through assessment, planning, and repetitive tasks faster. Giving developers a better starting point and help keep progress visible in the repo. But the important decisions still belong to people! Architects still need to make tradeoffs. Application owners still need to think about business value, timing, and risk. Developers still need to review the code, check the plan, and decide where human judgment is required. The GitHub Copilot modernization speeds the process up by doing tedious work for you. You’re still in control of the decisions and responsible for the code it outputs, but it takes care of the work to perform the assessment, planning, and code changes. Give it a shot by picking just one project and running the assessment and reviewing the plan. See what it comes up with. Then when you’re ready, move on to the rest of your application portfolio. Modernization at scale still happens application by application, repo by repo, and decision by decision. Use the GitHub Copilot modernization agent, spin it up and try it, and let us know what you think in the comments.Building the agentic future together at JDConf 2026
JDConf 2026 is just weeks away, and I’m excited to welcome Java developers, architects, and engineering leaders from around the world for two days of learning and connection. Now in its sixth year, JDConf has become a place where the Java community compares notes on their real-world production experience: patterns, tooling, and hard-earned lessons you can take back to your team, while we keep moving the Java systems that run businesses and services forward in the AI era. This year’s program lines up with a shift many of us are seeing first-hand: delivery is getting more intelligent, more automated, and more tightly coupled to the systems and data we already own. Agentic approaches are moving from demos to backlog items, and that raises practical questions: what’s the right architecture, where do you draw trust boundaries, how do you keep secrets safe, and how do you ship without trading reliability for novelty? JDConf is for and by the people who build and manage the mission-critical apps powering organizations worldwide. Across three regional livestreams, you’ll hear from open source and enterprise practitioners who are making the same tradeoffs you are—velocity vs. safety, modernization vs. continuity, experimentation vs. operational excellence. Expect sessions that go beyond “what” and get into “how”: design choices, integration patterns, migration steps, and the guardrails that make AI features safe to run in production. You’ll find several practical themes for shipping Java in the AI era: connecting agents to enterprise systems with clear governance; frameworks and runtimes adapting to AI-native workloads; and how testing and delivery pipelines evolve as automation gets more capable. To make this more concrete, a sampling of sessions would include topics like Secrets of Agentic Memory Management (patterns for short- and long-term memory and safe retrieval), Modernizing a Java App with GitHub Copilot (end-to-end upgrade and migration with AI-powered technologies), and Docker Sandboxes for AI Agents (guardrails for running agent workflows without risking your filesystem or secrets). The goal is to help you adopt what’s new while hardening your long lived codebases. JDConf is built for community learning—free to attend, accessible worldwide, and designed for an interactive live experience in three time zones. You’ll not only get 23 practitioner-led sessions with production-ready guidance but also free on-demand access after the event to re-watch with your whole team. Pro tip: join live and get more value by discussing practical implications and ideas with your peers in the chat. This is where the “how” details and tradeoffs become clearer. JDConf 2026 Keynote Building the Agentic Future Together Rod Johnson, Embabel | Bruno Borges, Microsoft | Ayan Gupta, Microsoft The JDConf 2026 keynote features Rod Johnson, creator of the Spring Framework and founder of Embabel, joined by Bruno Borges and Ayan Gupta to explore where the Java ecosystem is headed in the agentic era. Expect a practitioner-level discussion on how frameworks like Spring continue to evolve, how MCP is changing the way agents interact with enterprise systems, and what Java developers should be paying attention to right now. Register. Attend. Earn. Register for JDConf 2026 to earn Microsoft Rewards points, which you can use for gift cards, sweepstakes entries, and more. Earn 1,000 points simply by signing up. When you register for any regional JDConf 2026 event with your Microsoft account, you'll automatically receive these points. Get 5,000 additional points for attending live (limited to the first 300 attendees per stream). On the day of your regional event, check in through the Reactor page or your email confirmation link to qualify. Disclaimer: Points are added to your Microsoft account within 60 days after the event. Must register with a Microsoft account email. Up to 10,000 developers eligible. Points will be applied upon registration and attendance and will not be counted multiple times for registering or attending at different events. Terms | Privacy JDConf 2026 Regional Live Streams Americas – April 8, 8:30 AM – 12:30 PM PDT (UTC -7) Bruno Borges hosts the Americas stream, discussing practical agentic Java topics like memory management, multi-agent system design, LLM integration, modernization with AI, and dependency security. Experts from Redis, IBM, Hammerspace, HeroDevs, AI Collective, Tekskills, and Microsoft share their insights. Register for Americas → Asia-Pacific – April 9, 10:00 AM – 2:00 PM SGT (UTC +8) Brian Benz and Ayan Gupta co-host the APAC stream, highlighting Java frameworks and practices for agentic delivery. Topics include Spring AI, multi-agent orchestration, spec-driven development, scalable DevOps, and legacy modernization, with speakers from Broadcom, Alibaba, CERN, MHP (A Porsche Company), and Microsoft. Register for Asia-Pacific → Europe, Middle East and Africa – April 9, 9:00 AM – 12:30 PM GMT (UTC +0) The EMEA stream, hosted by Sandra Ahlgrimm, will address the implementation of agentic Java in production environments. Topics include self-improving systems utilizing Spring AI, Docker sandboxes for agent workflow management, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines, modernization initiatives from a national tax authority, and AI-driven CI/CD enhancements. Presentations will feature experts from Broadcom, Docker, Elastic, Azul Systems, IBM, Team Rockstars IT, and Microsoft. Register for EMEA → Make It Interactive: Join Live Come prepared with an actual challenge you’re facing, whether you’re modernizing a legacy application, connecting agents to internal APIs, or refining CI/CD processes. Test your strategies by participating in live chats and Q&As with presenters and fellow professionals. If you’re attending with your team, schedule a debrief after the live stream to discuss how to quickly use key takeaways and insights in your pilots and projects. Learning Resources Java and AI for Beginners Video Series: Practical, episode-based walkthroughs on MCP, GenAI integration, and building AI-powered apps from scratch. Modernize Java Apps Guide: Step-by-step guide using GitHub Copilot agent mode for legacy Java project upgrades, automated fixes, and cloud-ready migrations. AI Agents for Java Webinar: Embedding AI Agent capabilities into Java applications using Microsoft Foundry, from project setup to production deployment. Java Practitioner’s Guide: Learning plan for deploying, managing, and optimizing Java applications on Azure using modern cloud-native approaches. Register Now JDConf 2026 is a free global event for Java teams. Join live to ask questions, connect, and gain practical patterns. All 23 sessions will be available on-demand. Register now to earn Microsoft Rewards points for attending. Register at JDConf.comUnit Testing Helm Charts with Terratest: A Pattern Guide for Type-Safe Validation
Helm charts are the de facto standard for packaging Kubernetes applications. But here's a question worth asking: how do you know your chart actually produces the manifests you expect, across every environment, before it reaches a cluster? If you're like most teams, the answer is some combination of helm template eyeball checks, catching issues in staging, or hoping for the best. That's slow, error-prone, and doesn't scale. In this post, we'll walk through a better way: a render-and-assert approach to unit testing Helm charts using Terratest and Go. The result? Type-safe, automated tests that run locally in seconds with no cluster required. The Problem Let's start with why this matters. Helm charts are templates that produce YAML, and templates have logic: conditionals, loops, value overrides per environment. That logic can break silently: A values-prod.yaml override points to the wrong container registry A security context gets removed during a refactor and nobody notices An ingress host is correct in dev but wrong in production HPA scaling bounds are accidentally swapped between environments Label selectors drift out of alignment with pod templates, causing orphaned ReplicaSets These aren't hypothetical scenarios. They're real bugs that slip through helm lint and code review because those tools don't understand what your chart should produce. They only check whether the YAML is syntactically valid. These bugs surface at deploy time, or worse, in production. So how do we catch them earlier? The Approach: Render and Assert The idea is straightforward. Instead of deploying to a cluster to see if things work, we render the chart locally and validate the output programmatically. Here's the three-step model: Render: Terratest calls helm template with your base values.yaml + an environment-specific values-<env>.yaml override Unmarshal: The rendered YAML is deserialized into real Kubernetes API structs (appsV1.Deployment, coreV1.ConfigMap, networkingV1.Ingress, etc.) Assert: Testify assertions validate every field that matters, including names, labels, security context, probes, resource limits, ingress routing, and more No cluster. No mocks. No flaky integration tests. Just fast, deterministic validation of your chart's output. Here's what that looks like in practice: // Arrange options := &helm.Options{ ValuesFiles: s.valuesFiles, } output := helm.RenderTemplate(s.T(), options, s.chartPath, s.releaseName, s.templates) // Act var deployment appsV1.Deployment helm.UnmarshalK8SYaml(s.T(), output, &deployment) // Assert: security context is hardened secCtx := deployment.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].SecurityContext require.Equal(s.T(), int64(1000), *secCtx.RunAsUser) require.True(s.T(), *secCtx.RunAsNonRoot) require.True(s.T(), *secCtx.ReadOnlyRootFilesystem) require.False(s.T(), *secCtx.AllowPrivilegeEscalation) Notice something important here: because you're working with real Go structs, the compiler catches schema errors. If you typo a field path like secCtx.RunAsUsr, the code won't compile. With YAML-based assertion tools, that same typo would fail silently at runtime. This type safety is a big deal when you're validating complex resources like Deployments. What to Test: 16 Patterns Across 6 Categories That covers the how. But what should you actually assert? Through applying this approach across multiple charts, we've identified 16 test patterns that consistently catch real bugs. They fall into six categories: Category What Gets Validated Identity & Labels Resource names, 5 standard Helm/K8s labels, selector alignment Configuration Environment-specific configmap data, env var injection Container Image registry per env, ports, resource requests/limits Security Non-root user, read-only FS, dropped capabilities, AppArmor, seccomp, SA token automount Reliability Startup/liveness/readiness probes, volume mounts Networking & Scaling Ingress hosts/TLS per env, service port wiring, HPA bounds per env You don't need all 16 on day one. Start with resource name and label validation, since those apply to every resource and catch the most common _helpers.tpl bugs. Then add security and environment-specific patterns as your coverage grows. Now, let's look at how to structure these tests to handle the trickiest part: multiple environments. Multi-Environment Testing One of the most common Helm chart bugs is environment drift, where values that are correct in dev are wrong in production. A single test suite that only validates one set of values will miss these entirely. The solution is to maintain separate test suites per environment: tests/unit/my-chart/ ├── dev/ ← Asserts against values.yaml + values-dev.yaml ├── test/ ← Asserts against values.yaml + values-test.yaml └── prod/ ← Asserts against values.yaml + values-prod.yaml Each environment's tests assert the merged result of values.yaml + values-<env>.yaml. So when your values-prod.yaml overrides the container registry to prod.azurecr.io, the prod tests verify exactly that, while the dev tests verify dev.azurecr.io. This structure catches a class of bugs that no other approach does: "it works in dev" issues where an environment-specific override has a typo, a missing field, or an outdated value. But environment-specific configuration isn't the only thing worth testing per commit. Let's talk about security. Security as Code Security controls in Kubernetes manifests are notoriously easy to weaken by accident. Someone refactors a deployment template, removes a securityContext block they think is unused, and suddenly your containers are running as root in production. No linter catches this. No code reviewer is going to diff every field of a rendered manifest. With this approach, you encode your security posture directly into your test suite. Every deployment test should validate: Container runs as non-root (UID 1000) Root filesystem is read-only All Linux capabilities are dropped Privilege escalation is blocked AppArmor profile is set to runtime/default Seccomp profile is set to RuntimeDefault Service account token automount is disabled If someone removes a security control during a refactor, the test fails immediately, not after a security review weeks later. Security becomes a CI gate, not a review checklist. With patterns and environments covered, the next question is: how do you wire this into your CI/CD pipeline? CI/CD Integration with Azure DevOps These tests integrate naturally into Azure DevOps pipelines. Since they're just Go tests that call helm template under the hood, all you need is a Helm CLI and a Go runtime on your build agent. A typical multi-stage pipeline looks like: stages: - stage: Build # Package the Helm chart - stage: Dev # Lint + test against values-dev.yaml - stage: Test # Lint + test against values-test.yaml - stage: Production # Lint + test against values-prod.yaml Each stage uses a shared template that installs Helm and Go, extracts the packaged chart, runs helm lint, and executes the Go tests with gotestsum. Environment gates ensure production tests pass before deployment proceeds. Here's the key part of a reusable test template: - script: | export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin:$(go env GOPATH)/bin go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@latest cd $(Pipeline.Workspace)/helm.artifact/tests/unit gotestsum --format testname --junitfile $(Agent.TempDirectory)/test-results.xml \ -- ./${{ parameters.helmTestPath }}/... -count=1 -timeout 50m displayName: 'Test helm chart' env: HELM_RELEASE_NAME: ${{ parameters.helmReleaseName }} HELM_VALUES_FILE_OVERRIDE: ${{ parameters.helmValuesFileOverride }} - task: PublishTestResults@2 displayName: 'Publish test results' inputs: testResultsFormat: 'JUnit' testResultsFiles: '$(Agent.TempDirectory)/test-results.xml' condition: always() The PublishTestResults@2 task makes pass/fail results visible on the build's Tests tab, showing individual test names, durations, and failure details. The condition: always() ensures results are published even when tests fail, so you always have visibility. At this point you might be wondering: why Go and Terratest? Why not a simpler YAML-based tool? Why Terratest + Go Instead of helm-unittest? helm-unittest is a popular YAML-based alternative, and it's a fair question. Both tools are valid. Here's why we landed on Terratest: Terratest + Go helm-unittest (YAML) Type safety Renders into real K8s API structs; compiler catches schema errors String matching on raw YAML; typos in field paths fail silently Language features Loops, conditionals, shared setup, table-driven tests Limited to YAML assertion DSL Debugging Standard Go debugger, stack traces YAML diff output only Ecosystem alignment Same language as Terraform tests, one testing stack Separate tool, YAML-only The type safety argument is the strongest. When you unmarshal into appsV1.Deployment, the Go compiler guarantees your assertions reference real fields. With helm-unittest, a YAML path like spec.template.spec.containers[0].securityContest (note the typo) would silently pass because it matches nothing, rather than failing loudly. That said, if your team has no Go experience and needs the lowest adoption barrier, helm-unittest is a reasonable starting point. For teams already using Go or Terraform, Terratest is the stronger long-term choice. Getting Started Ready to try this? Here's a minimal project structure to get you going: your-repo/ ├── charts/ │ └── your-chart/ │ ├── Chart.yaml │ ├── values.yaml │ ├── values-dev.yaml │ ├── values-test.yaml │ ├── values-prod.yaml │ └── templates/ ├── tests/ │ └── unit/ │ ├── go.mod │ └── your-chart/ │ ├── dev/ │ ├── test/ │ └── prod/ └── Makefile Prerequisites: Go 1.22+, Helm 3.14+ You'll need three Go module dependencies: github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest v0.46.16 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4 k8s.io/api v0.28.4 Initialize your test module, write your first test using the patterns above, and run: cd tests/unit HELM_RELEASE_NAME=your-chart \ HELM_VALUES_FILE_OVERRIDE=values-dev.yaml \ go test -v ./your-chart/dev/... -timeout 30m Start with a ConfigMap test. It's the simplest resource type and lets you validate the full render-unmarshal-assert flow before tackling Deployments. Once that passes, work your way through the pattern categories, adding security and environment-specific assertions as you go. Wrapping Up Unit testing Helm charts with Terratest gives you something that helm lint and manual review can't: Type-safe validation: The compiler catches schema errors, not production Environment-specific coverage: Each environment's values are tested independently Security as code: Security controls are verified on every commit, not in periodic reviews Fast feedback: Tests run in seconds with no cluster required CI/CD integration: JUnit results published natively to Azure DevOps The patterns we've covered here are the ones that have caught the most real bugs for us. Start small with resource names and labels, and expand from there. The investment is modest, and the first time a test catches a broken values-prod.yaml override before it reaches production, it'll pay for itself. We'd Love Your Feedback We'd love to hear how this approach works for your team: Which patterns were most useful for your charts? What resource types or patterns are missing? How did the adoption experience go? Drop a comment below. Happy to dig into any of these topics further!
Take Control of Every Message: Partial Failure Handling for Service Bus Triggers in Azure Functions
The Problem: All-or-Nothing Batch Processing in Azure Service Bus Azure Service Bus is one of the most widely used messaging services for building event-driven applications on Azure. When you use Azure Functions with a Service Bus trigger in batch mode, your function receives multiple messages at once for efficient, high-throughput processing. But what happens when one message in the batch fails? Your function receives a batch of 50 Service Bus messages. 49 process perfectly. 1 fails. What happens? In the default model, the entire batch fails. All 50 messages go back on the queue and get reprocessed, including the 49 that already succeeded. This leads to: Duplicate processing — messages that were already handled successfully get processed again Wasted compute — you pay for re-executing work that already completed Infinite retry loops — if that one "poison" message keeps failing, it blocks the entire batch indefinitely Idempotency burden — your downstream systems must handle duplicates gracefully, adding complexity to every consumer This is the classic all-or-nothing batch failure problem. Azure Functions solves it with per-message settlement. The Solution: Per-Message Settlement for Azure Service Bus Azure Functions gives you direct control over how each individual message is settled in real time, as you process it. Instead of treating the batch as all-or-nothing, you settle each message independently based on its processing outcome. With Service Bus message settlement actions in Azure Functions, you can: Action What It Does Complete Remove the message from the queue (successfully processed) Abandon Release the lock so the message returns to the queue for retry, optionally modifying application properties Dead-letter Move the message to the dead-letter queue (poison message handling) Defer Keep the message in the queue but make it only retrievable by sequence number This means in a batch of 50 messages, you can: Complete 47 that processed successfully Abandon 2 that hit a transient error (with updated retry metadata) Dead-letter 1 that is malformed and will never succeed All in a single function invocation. No reprocessing of successful messages. No building failure response objects. No all-or-nothing. Why This Matters 1. Eliminates Duplicate Processing When you complete messages individually, successfully processed messages are immediately removed from the queue. There's no chance of them being redelivered, even if other messages in the same batch fail. 2. Enables Granular Error Handling Different failures deserve different treatments. A malformed message should be dead-lettered immediately. A message that failed due to a transient database timeout should be abandoned for retry. A message that requires manual intervention should be deferred. Per-message settlement gives you this granularity. 3. Implements Exponential Backoff Without External Infrastructure By combining abandon with modified application properties, you can track retry counts per message and implement exponential backoff patterns directly in your function code, no additional queues or Durable Functions required. 4. Reduces Cost You stop paying for redundant re-execution of already-successful work. In high-throughput systems processing millions of messages, this can be a material cost reduction. 5. Simplifies Idempotency Requirements When successful messages are never redelivered, your downstream systems don't need to guard against duplicates as aggressively. This reduces architectural complexity and potential for bugs. Before: One Message = One Function Invocation Before batch support, there was no cardinality option, Azure Functions processed each Service Bus message as a separate function invocation. If your queue had 50 messages, the runtime spun up 50 individual executions. Single-Message Processing (The Old Way) import { app, InvocationContext } from '@azure/functions'; async function processOrder( message: unknown, // ← One message at a time, no batch context: InvocationContext ): Promise<void> { try { const order = message as Order; await processOrder(order); } catch (error) { context.error('Failed to process message:', error); // Message auto-complete by default. throw error; } } app.serviceBusQueue('processOrder', { connection: 'ServiceBusConnection', queueName: 'orders-queue', handler: processOrder, }); What this cost you: 50 messages on the queue Old (single-message) New (batch + settlement) Function invocations 50 separate invocations 1 invocation Connection overhead 50 separate DB/API connections 1 connection, reused across batch Compute cost 50× invocation overhead 1× invocation overhead Settlement control Binary: throw or don't 4 actions per message Every message paid the full price of a function invocation, startup, connection setup, teardown. At scale (millions of messages/day), this was a significant cost and latency penalty. And when a message failed, your only option was to throw (retry the whole message) or swallow the error (lose it silently). Code Examples Let's see how this looks across all three major Azure Functions language stacks. Node.js (TypeScript with @ azure/functions-extensions-servicebus) import '@azure/functions-extensions-servicebus'; import { app, InvocationContext } from '@azure/functions'; import { ServiceBusMessageContext, messageBodyAsJson } from '@azure/functions-extensions-servicebus'; interface Order { id: string; product: string; amount: number; } export async function processOrderBatch( sbContext: ServiceBusMessageContext, context: InvocationContext ): Promise<void> { const { messages, actions } = sbContext; for (const message of messages) { try { const order = messageBodyAsJson<Order>(message); await processOrder(order); await actions.complete(message); // ✅ Done } catch (error) { context.error(`Failed ${message.messageId}:`, error); await actions.deadletter(message); // ☠️ Poison } } } app.serviceBusQueue('processOrderBatch', { connection: 'ServiceBusConnection', queueName: 'orders-queue', sdkBinding: true, autoCompleteMessages: false, cardinality: 'many', handler: processOrderBatch, }); Key points: Enable sdkBinding: true and autoCompleteMessages: false to gain manual settlement control ServiceBusMessageContext provides both the messages array and actions object Settlement actions: complete(), abandon(), deadletter(), defer() Application properties can be passed to abandon() for retry tracking Built-in helpers like messageBodyAsJson<T>() handle Buffer-to-object parsing Full sample: serviceBusSampleWithComplete Python (V2 Programming Model) import json import logging from typing import List import azure.functions as func import azurefunctions.extensions.bindings.servicebus as servicebus app = func.FunctionApp(http_auth_level=func.AuthLevel.FUNCTION) @app.service_bus_queue_trigger(arg_name="messages", queue_name="orders-queue", connection="SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION", auto_complete_messages=False, cardinality="many") def process_order_batch(messages: List[servicebus.ServiceBusReceivedMessage], message_actions: servicebus.ServiceBusMessageActions): for message in messages: try: order = json.loads(message.body) process_order(order) message_actions.complete(message) # ✅ Done except Exception as e: logging.error(f"Failed {message.message_id}: {e}") message_actions.dead_letter(message) # ☠️ Poison def process_order(order): logging.info(f"Processing order: {order['id']}") Key points: Uses azurefunctions.extensions.bindings.servicebus for SDK-type bindings with ServiceBusReceivedMessage Supports both queue and topic triggers with cardinality="many" for batch processing Each message exposes SDK properties like body, enqueued_time_utc, lock_token, message_id, and sequence_number Full sample: servicebus_samples_settlement .NET (C# Isolated Worker) using Azure.Messaging.ServiceBus; using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker; public class ServiceBusBatchProcessor(ILogger<ServiceBusBatchProcessor> logger) { [Function(nameof(ProcessOrderBatch))] public async Task ProcessOrderBatch( [ServiceBusTrigger("orders-queue", Connection = "ServiceBusConnection")] ServiceBusReceivedMessage[] messages, ServiceBusMessageActions messageActions) { foreach (var message in messages) { try { var order = message.Body.ToObjectFromJson<Order>(); await ProcessOrder(order); await messageActions.CompleteMessageAsync(message); // ✅ Done } catch (Exception ex) { logger.LogError(ex, "Failed {MessageId}", message.MessageId); await messageActions.DeadLetterMessageAsync(message); // ☠️ Poison } } } private Task ProcessOrder(Order order) => Task.CompletedTask; } public record Order(string Id, string Product, decimal Amount); Key points: Inject ServiceBusMessageActions directly alongside the message array Each message is individually settled with CompleteMessageAsync, DeadLetterMessageAsync, or AbandonMessageAsync Application properties can be modified on abandon to track retry metadata Full sample: ServiceBusReceivedMessageFunctions.cs
Migrating to the next generation of Virtual Nodes on Azure Container Instances (ACI)
What is ACI/Virtual Nodes? Azure Container Instances (ACI) is a fully-managed serverless container platform which gives you the ability to run containers on-demand without provisioning infrastructure. Virtual Nodes on ACI allows you to run Kubernetes pods managed by an AKS cluster in a serverless way on ACI instead of traditional VM‑backed node pools. From a developer’s perspective, Virtual Nodes look just like regular Kubernetes nodes, but under the hood the pods are executed on ACI’s serverless infrastructure, enabling fast scale‑out without waiting for new VMs to be provisioned. This makes Virtual Nodes ideal for bursty, unpredictable, or short‑lived workloads where speed and cost efficiency matter more than long‑running capacity planning. Introducing the next generation of Virtual Nodes on ACI The newer Virtual Nodes v2 implementation modernises this capability by removing many of the limitations of the original AKS managed add‑on and delivering a more Kubernetes‑native, flexible, and scalable experience when bursting workloads from AKS to ACI. In this article I will demonstrate how you can migrate an existing AKS cluster using the Virtual Nodes managed add-on (legacy), to the new generation of Virtual Nodes on ACI, which is deployed and managed via Helm. More information about Virtual Nodes on Azure Container Instances can be found here, and the GitHub repo is available here. Advanced documentation for Virtual Nodes on ACI is also available here, and includes topics such as node customisation, release notes and a troubleshooting guide. Please note that all code samples within this guide are examples only, and are provided without warranty/support. Background Virtual Nodes on ACI is rebuilt from the ground-up, and includes several fixes and enhancements, for instance: Added support/features VNet peering, outbound traffic to the internet with network security groups Init containers Host aliases Arguments for exec in ACI Persistent Volumes and Persistent Volume Claims Container hooks Confidential containers (see supported regions list here) ACI standby pools Support for image pulling via Private Link and Managed Identity (MSI) Planned future enhancements Kubernetes network policies Support for IPv6 Windows containers Port Forwarding Note: The new generation of the add-on is managed via Helm rather than as an AKS managed add-on. Requirements & limitations Each Virtual Nodes on ACI deployment requires 3 vCPUs and 12 GiB memory on one of the AKS cluster’s VMs Each Virtual Nodes node supports up to 200 pods DaemonSets are not supported Virtual Nodes on ACI requires AKS clusters with Azure CNI networking (Kubenet is not supported, nor is overlay networking) Migrating to the next generation of Virtual Nodes on Azure Container Instances via Helm chart For this walkthrough, I'm using Bash via Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), along with the Azure CLI. Direct migration is not supported, and therefore the steps below show an example of removing Virtual Nodes managed add-on and its resources and then installing the Virtual Nodes on ACI Helm chart. In this walkthrough I will explain how to delete and re-create the Virtual Nodes subnet, however if you need to preserve the VNet and/or use a custom subnet name, refer to the Helm customisation steps here. Be sure to use a new subnet CIDR within the VNet address space, which doesn't overlap with other subnets nor the AKS CIDRS for nodes/pods and ClusterIP services. To minimise disruption, we'll first install the Virtual Nodes on ACI Helm chart, before then removing the legacy managed add-on and its resources. Prerequisites A recent version of the Azure CLI An Azure subscription with sufficient ACI quota for your selected region Helm Deployment steps Initialise environment variables location=northeurope rg=rg-virtualnode-demo vnetName=vnet-virtualnode-demo clusterName=aks-virtualnode-demo aksSubnetName=subnet-aks vnSubnetName=subnet-vn Create the new Virtual Nodes on ACI subnet with the specific name value of cg (a custom subnet can be used by following the steps here): vnSubnetId=$(az network vnet subnet create \ --resource-group $rg \ --vnet-name $vnetName \ --name cg \ --address-prefixes <your subnet CIDR> \ --delegations Microsoft.ContainerInstance/containerGroups --query id -o tsv) Assign the cluster's -kubelet identity Contributor access to the infrastructure resource group, and Network Contributor access to the ACI subnet: nodeRg=$(az aks show --resource-group $rg --name $clusterName --query nodeResourceGroup -o tsv) nodeRgId=$(az group show -n $nodeRg --query id -o tsv) agentPoolIdentityId=$(az aks show --resource-group $rg --name $clusterName --query "identityProfile.kubeletidentity.resourceId" -o tsv) agentPoolIdentityObjectId=$(az identity show --ids $agentPoolIdentityId --query principalId -o tsv) az role assignment create \ --assignee-object-id "$agentPoolIdentityObjectId" \ --assignee-principal-type ServicePrincipal \ --role "Contributor" \ --scope "$nodeRgId" az role assignment create \ --assignee-object-id "$agentPoolIdentityObjectId" \ --assignee-principal-type ServicePrincipal \ --role "Network Contributor" \ --scope "$vnSubnetId" Download the cluster's kubeconfig file: az aks get-credentials -n $clusterName -g $rg Clone the virtualnodesOnAzureContainerInstances GitHub repo: git clone https://github.com/microsoft/virtualnodesOnAzureContainerInstances.git Install the Virtual Nodes on ACI Helm chart: helm install <yourReleaseName> <GitRepoRoot>/Helm/virtualnode Confirm the Virtual Nodes node shows within the cluster and is in a Ready state (virtualnode-n): $ kubectl get node NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION aks-nodepool1-35702456-vmss000000 Ready <none> 4h13m v1.33.6 aks-nodepool1-35702456-vmss000001 Ready <none> 4h13m v1.33.6 virtualnode-0 Ready <none> 162m v1.33.7 Scale-down any running Virtual Nodes workloads (example below): kubectl scale deploy <deploymentName> -n <namespace> --replicas=0 Drain and cordon the legacy Virtual Nodes node: kubectl drain virtual-node-aci-linux Disable the Virtual Nodes managed add-on (legacy): az aks disable-addons --resource-group $rg --name $clusterName --addons virtual-node Export a backup of the original subnet configuration: az network vnet subnet show --resource-group $rg --vnet-name $vnetName --name $vnSubnetName > subnetConfigOriginal.json Delete the original subnet (subnets cannot be renamed and therefore must be re-created): az network vnet subnet delete -g $rg -n $vnSubnetName --vnet-name $vnetName Delete the previous (legacy) Virtual Nodes node from the cluster: kubectl delete node virtual-node-aci-linux Test and confirm pod scheduling on Virtual Node: apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: annotations: name: demo-pod spec: containers: - command: - /bin/bash - -c - 'counter=1; while true; do echo "Hello, World! Counter: $counter"; counter=$((counter+1)); sleep 1; done' image: mcr.microsoft.com/azure-cli name: hello-world-counter resources: limits: cpu: 2250m memory: 2256Mi requests: cpu: 100m memory: 128Mi nodeSelector: virtualization: virtualnode2 tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: virtual-kubelet.io/provider operator: Exists If the pod successfully starts on the Virtual Node, you should see similar to the below: $ kubectl get pod -o wide demo-pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES demo-pod 1/1 Running 0 95s 10.241.0.4 vnode2-virtualnode-0 <none> <none> Modify the nodeSelector and tolerations properties of your Virtual Nodes workloads to match the requirements of Virtual Nodes on ACI (see details below) Modify your deployments to run on Virtual Nodes on ACI For Virtual Nodes managed add-on (legacy), the following nodeSelector and tolerations are used to run pods on Virtual Nodes: nodeSelector: kubernetes.io/role: agent kubernetes.io/os: linux type: virtual-kubelet tolerations: - key: virtual-kubelet.io/provider operator: Exists - key: azure.com/aci effect: NoSchedule For Virtual Nodes on ACI, the nodeSelector/tolerations are slightly different: nodeSelector: virtualization: virtualnode2 tolerations: - effect: NoSchedule key: virtual-kubelet.io/provider operator: Exists Troubleshooting Check the virtual-node-admission-controller and virtualnode-n pods are running within the vn2 namespace: $ kubectl get pod -n vn2 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE virtual-node-admission-controller-54cb7568f5-b7hnr 1/1 Running 1 (5h21m ago) 5h21m virtualnode-0 6/6 Running 6 (4h48m ago) 4h51m If these pods are in a Pending state, your node pool(s) may not have enough resources available to schedule them (use kubectl describe pod to validate). If the virtualnode-n pod is crashing, check the logs of the proxycri container to see whether there are any Managed Identity permissions issues (the cluster's -agentpool MSI needs to have Contributor access on the infrastructure resource group): kubectl logs -n vn2 virtualnode-0 -c proxycri Further troubleshooting guidance is available within the official documentation. Support If you have issues deploying or using Virtual Nodes on ACI, add a GitHub issue hereFrom "Maybe Next Quarter" to "Running Before Lunch" on Container Apps - Modernizing Legacy .NET App
In early 2025, we wanted to modernize Jon Galloway's MVC Music Store — a classic ASP.NET MVC 5 app running on .NET Framework 4.8 with Entity Framework 6. The goal was straightforward: address vulnerabilities, enable managed identity, and deploy to Azure Container Apps and Azure SQL. No more plaintext connection strings. No more passwords in config files. We hit a wall immediately. Entity Framework on .NET Framework did not support Azure.Identity or DefaultAzureCredential. We just could not add a NuGet package and call it done — we’d need EF Core, which means modern .NET - and rewriting the data layer, the identity system, the startup pipeline, the views. The engineering team estimated one week of dedicated developer work. As a product manager without extensive .NET modernization experience, I wasn't able to complete it quickly on my own, so the project was placed in the backlog. This was before the GitHub Copilot "Agent" mode, the GitHub Copilot app modernization (a specialized agent with skills for modernization) existed but only offered assessment — it could tell you what needed to change, but couldn't make the end to end changes for you. Fast-forward one year. The full modernization agent is available. I sat down with the same app and the same goal. A few hours later, it was running on .NET 10 on Azure Container Apps with managed identity, Key Vault integration, and zero plaintext credentials. Thank you GitHub Copilot app modernization! And while we were on it – GitHub Copilot helped to modernize the experience as well, built more tests and generated more synthetic data for testing. Why Azure Container Apps? Azure Container Apps is an ideal deployment target for this modernized MVC Music Store application because it provides a serverless, fully managed container hosting environment. It abstracts away infrastructure management while natively supporting the key security and operational features this project required. It pairs naturally with infrastructure-as-code deployments, and its per-second billing on a consumption plan keeps costs minimal for a lightweight web app like this, eliminating the overhead of managing Kubernetes clusters while still giving you the container portability that modern .NET apps benefit from. That is why I asked Copilot to modernize to Azure Container Apps - here's how it went - Phase 1: Assessment GitHub Copilot App Modernization started by analyzing the codebase and producing a detailed assessment: Framework gap analysis — .NET Framework 4.0 → .NET 10, identifying every breaking change Dependency inventory — Entity Framework 6 (not EF Core), MVC 5 references, System.Web dependencies Security findings — plaintext SQL connection strings in Web.config, no managed identity support API surface changes — Global.asax → Program.cs minimal hosting, System.Web.Mvc → Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc The assessment is not a generic checklist. It reads your code — your controllers, your DbContext, your views — and maps a concrete modernization path. For this app, the key finding was clear: EF 6 on .NET Framework cannot support DefaultAzureCredential. The entire data layer needs to move to EF Core on modern .NET to unlock passwordless authentication. Phase 2: Code & Dependency Modernization This is where last year's experience ended and this year's began. The agent performed the actual modernization: Project structure: .csproj converted from legacy XML format to SDK-style targeting net10.0 Global.asax replaced with Program.cs using minimal hosting packages.config → NuGet PackageReference entries Data layer (the hard part): Entity Framework 6 → EF Core with Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer DbContext rewritten with OnModelCreating fluent configuration System.Data.Entity → Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore namespace throughout EF Core modernization generated from scratch Database seeding moved to a proper DbSeeder pattern with MigrateAsync() Identity: ASP.NET Membership → ASP.NET Core Identity with ApplicationUser, ApplicationDbContext Cookie authentication configured through ConfigureApplicationCookie Security (the whole trigger for this modernization): Azure.Identity + DefaultAzureCredential integrated in Program.cs Azure Key Vault configuration provider added via Azure.Extensions.AspNetCore.Configuration.Secrets Connection strings use Authentication=Active Directory Default — no passwords anywhere Application Insights wired through OpenTelemetry Views: Razor views updated from MVC 5 helpers to ASP.NET Core Tag Helpers and conventions _Layout.cshtml and all partials migrated The code changes touched every layer of the application. This is not a find-and-replace — it's a structural rewrite that maintains functional equivalence. Phase 3: Local Testing After modernization, the app builds, runs locally, and connects to a local SQL Server (or SQL in a container). EF Core modernizations apply cleanly, the seed data loads, and you can browse albums, add to cart, and check out. The identity system works. The Key Vault integration gracefully skips when KeyVaultName isn't configured — meaning local dev and Azure use the same Program.cs with zero code branches. Phase 4: AZD UP and Deployment to Azure The agent also generates the deployment infrastructure: azure.yaml — AZD service definition pointing to the Dockerfile, targeting Azure Container Apps Dockerfile — Multi-stage build using mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:10.0 and aspnet:10.0 infra/main.bicep — Full IaaC including: Azure Container Apps with system + user-assigned managed identity Azure SQL Server with Azure AD-only authentication (no SQL auth) Azure Key Vault with RBAC, Secrets Officer role for the managed identity Container Registry with ACR Pull role assignment Application Insights + Log Analytics All connection strings injected as Container App secrets — using Active Directory Default, not passwords One command: AZD UP Provisions everything, builds the container, pushes to ACR, deploys to Container Apps. The app starts, runs MigrateAsync() on first boot, seeds the database, and serves traffic. Managed identity handles all auth to SQL and Key Vault. No credentials stored anywhere. What Changed in a Year Early 2025 Now Assessment Available Available Automated code modernization Semi-manual ✅ Full modernization agent Infrastructure generation Semi-manual ✅ Bicep + AZD generated Time to complete Weeks ✅ Hours The technology didn't just improve incrementally. The gap between "assessment" and "done" collapsed. A year ago, knowing what to do and being able to do it were very different things. Now they're the same step. Who This Is For If you have a .NET Framework app sitting on a backlog because "the modernization is too expensive" — revisit that assumption. The process changed. GitHub Copilot app modernization helps you rewrite your data layer, generates your infrastructure, and gets you to azd up. It can help you generate tests to increase your code coverage. If you have some feature requests – or – if you want to further optimize the code for scale – bring your requirements or logs or profile traces, you can take care of all of that during the modernization process. MVC Music Store went from .NET Framework 4.0 with Entity Framework 6 and plaintext SQL credentials to .NET 10 on Azure Container Apps with managed identity, Key Vault, and zero secrets in code. In an afternoon. That backlog item might be a lunch break now 😊. Really. Find your legacy apps and try it yourself. Next steps Modernize your .Net or Java apps with GitHub Copilot app modernization – https://aka.ms/ghcp-appmod Open your legacy application in Visual Studio or Visual Studio Code to start the process Deploy to Azure Container Apps https://aka.ms/aca/startA Practical Path Forward for Heroku Customers with Azure
On February 6, 2026, Heroku announced it is moving to a sustaining engineering model focused on stability, security, reliability, and ongoing support. Many customers are now reassessing how their application platforms will support today’s workloads and future innovation. Microsoft is committed to helping customers migrate and modernize applications from platforms like Heroku to Azure.From Single Apps to Scale Solutions: How AI Agents Scale Modernization
AI is rewriting the modernization playbook. Over the past few years, AI has changed software development faster than anything we’ve seen in decades. And it’s not just about writing code faster. AI is reducing the day-to-day friction that slows teams down: upgrades, migrations, test failures, brittle pipelines, incident response, and the ever-growing backlog of technical debt. That operational drag keeps teams stuck maintaining systems instead of building what’s next. Agentic DevOps makes this shift practical. Software agents can now help across every stage of the application lifecycle, from planning and refactoring to testing, deployment, and running production systems. The real question organizations face is no longer if they should modernize, but how to modernize safely, continuously, and at scale—without pausing the business. Modernization is a business decision, but it’s a technical job. And the challenges are real. 65% of organizations cite security and compliance as a top challenge 1 59% struggle with a lack of skilled talent and resources 1 58% are held back by the complexity of monolithic applications 1 That’s why 35% of modernization projects stall 1 . The result is growing backlogs of technical debt, rising operational costs, and fewer resources available for innovation. That’s why developers, architects, and application owners are turning to agents to reduce manual toil, manage complexity, and stay secure from start to finish. With GitHub Copilot modernization, your teams have end-to-end modernization guidance and execution, with agents across every phase of the lifecycle. For each application, developers can use agents to assess an application, plan the cloud migration, transform code and configuration based on the application’s needs, generate infrastructure-as-code, validate changes, and deploy and test directly on Azure. And today, it just got even better. The modernization agent. In Public Preview today, the modernization agent is empowering teams with scale solutions, not just single-app fixes. Application owners and architects who need visibility and control across multiple applications can use the modernization agent to: Assess readiness across many applications at once Plan application specific modernization journeys Surface deep code and dependency level insights and recommendations Automate upgrades for Java and .NET applications Recommend aligned Azure services with organizational needs Operated from the CLI, the modernization agent integrates directly with GitHub Copilot, creating issues, pull requests, and shareable assessment reports for each application. Architects and application owners retain visibility and governance, while developers receive clear, prioritized work they can execute from the modernization agent or finish directly in their preferred editors! The modernization agent also coordinates with GitHub Copilot’s coding agent to complete tasks asynchronously across repositories, so you have full monitoring and audit trail in GitHub’s Agent HQ. The result is a connected planning to execution flow that finally makes modernization at scale possible without sacrificing oversight or control. Let’s break it down. Plan your modernization journey at scale Portfolio managers and central planners are planning an organization’s modernization journey on Azure. Within that, a solution architect or application owner maybe be responsible for 5, 10, 20, or more applications in that portfolio. They need to quickly understand each application’s unique needs and business goals. Where is there complexity? How much effort will it take? What does success look like for each one? The modernization agent helps them build actionable plans across their application estate. Take a look. If the player doesn’t load, open the video in a new window: Open video Execute the plan With high-confidence plans built from the modernization agent, application owners and architects can pass off to developers to work directly in the IDE to execute where precision work may be needed. Importantly, no two organizations modernize the same way. Teams have their own standards, frameworks, and business logic—and agents need to respect that. GitHub Copilot modernization supports custom skills, allowing organizations to tailor modernization to their needs. With custom skills, teams can: Preserve critical business logic during transformation Standardize outcomes across large application portfolios Apply internal SDKs and software factory patterns Custom skills ensure modernization plans and execution reflect organizational requirements—giving customers the flexibility to move fast without losing consistency or control. Let’s see it in action. If the player doesn’t load, open the video in a new window: Open video The way forward We have much more coming from the modernization agent as we expand the experience beyond the CLI and integrate with Azure Migrate so portfolio managers and central planners can coordinate with application owners and architects at estate scale. With these new features, we’re excited to accelerate modernization at scale, while ensuring changes are aligned with your organization’s standards and application requirements. See what else we’ve announced on how agents are reinventing modernization on Azure. Get started today by joining the Public Preview of the modernization agent and get white-glove support for the Public Preview modernization agent. Stay tuned for more updates as we make app modernization at scale fast and easy! 1 Q1 2026 Cloud and AI Application Modernization Survey conducted by Forrester Consulting on behalf of MicrosoftRethinking Background Workloads with Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps
Objective Azure Container Apps provides a flexible platform for running background workloads, supporting multiple execution models to address different workload needs. Two commonly used models are: Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps - overview of Azure functions Azure Container Apps Jobs – overview of Container App Jobs Both are first‑class capabilities on the same platform and are designed for different types of background processing. This blog explores Use Cases where Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps are best suited Use Cases where Container App Jobs provide advantages Use Cases where Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps Are suited Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps are particularly well suited for event‑driven and workflow‑oriented background workloads, where work is initiated by external signals and coordination is a core concern. The following use cases illustrate scenarios where the Functions programming model aligns naturally with the workload, allowing teams to focus on business logic while the platform handles triggering, scaling, and coordination. Event‑Driven Data Ingestion Pipelines For ingestion pipelines where data arrives asynchronously and unpredictably. Example: A retail company processes inventory updates from hundreds of suppliers. Files land in Blob Storage overnight, varying widely in size and arrival time. In this scenario: Each file is processed independently as it arrives Execution is driven by actual data arrival, not schedules Parallelism and retries are handled by the platform .blob_trigger(arg_name="blob", path="inventory-uploads/{name}", connection="StorageConnection") async def process_inventory(blob: func.InputStream): data = blob.read() # Transform and load to database await transform_and_load(data, blob.name) Multi‑Step, Event‑Driven Processing Workflows Functions works well for workloads that involve multiple dependent steps, where each step can fail independently and must be retried or resumed safely. Example: An order processing workflow that includes validation, inventory checks, payment capture, and fulfilment notifications. Using Durable Functions: Workflow state persisted automatically Each step can be retried independently Execution resumes from the point of failure rather than restarting Durable Functions on Container Apps solves this declaratively: .orchestration_trigger(context_name="context") def order_workflow(context: df.DurableOrchestrationContext): order = context.get_input() # Each step is independently retryable with built-in checkpointing validated = yield context.call_activity("validate_order", order) inventory = yield context.call_activity("check_inventory", validated) payment = yield context.call_activity("capture_payment", inventory) yield context.call_activity("notify_fulfillment", payment) return {"status": "completed", "order_id": order["id"]} Scheduled, Recurring Background Tasks For time‑based background work that runs on a predictable cadence and is closely tied to application logic. Example: Daily financial summaries, weekly aggregations, or month‑end reconciliation reports. Timer‑triggered Functions allow: Schedules to be defined in code Logic to be versioned alongside application code Execution to run in the same Container Apps environment as other services .timer_trigger(schedule="0 0 6 * * *", arg_name="timer") async def daily_financial_summary(timer: func.TimerRequest): if timer.past_due: logging.warning("Timer is running late!") await generate_summary(date.today() - timedelta(days=1)) await send_to_stakeholders() Long‑Running, Parallelizable Workloads Scenarios which require long‑running workloads to be decomposed into smaller units of work and coordinated as a workflow. Example: A large data migration processing millions of records. With Durable Functions: Work is split into independent batches Batches execute in parallel across multiple instances Progress is checkpointed automatically Failures are isolated to individual batches .orchestration_trigger(context_name="context") def migration_orchestrator(context: df.DurableOrchestrationContext): batches = yield context.call_activity("get_migration_batches") # Process all batches in parallel across multiple instances tasks = [context.call_activity("migrate_batch", b) for b in batches] results = yield context.task_all(tasks) yield context.call_activity("generate_report", results) Use Cases where Container App Jobs are a Best Fit Azure Container Apps Jobs are well suited for workloads that require explicit execution control or full ownership of the runtime and lifecycle. Common examples include: Batch Processing Using Existing Container Images Teams often have existing containerized batch workloads such as data processors, ETL tools, or analytics jobs that are already packaged and validated. When refactoring these workloads into a Functions programming model is not desirable, Container Apps Jobs allow them to run unchanged while integrating into the Container Apps environment. Large-Scale Data Migrations and One-Time Operations Jobs are a natural fit for one‑time or infrequently run migrations, such as schema upgrades, backfills, or bulk data transformations. These workloads are typically: Explicitly triggered Closely monitored Designed to run to completion under controlled conditions The ability to manage execution, retries, and shutdown behavior directly is often important in these scenarios. Custom Runtime or Specialized Dependency Workloads Some workloads rely on: Specialized runtimes Native system libraries Third‑party tools or binaries When these requirements fall outside the supported Functions runtimes, Container Apps Jobs provide the flexibility to define the runtime environment exactly as needed. Externally Orchestrated or Manually Triggered Workloads In some architectures, execution is coordinated by an external system such as: A CI/CD pipeline An operations workflow A custom scheduler or control plane Container Apps Jobs integrate well into these models, where execution is initiated explicitly rather than driven by platform‑managed triggers. Long-Running, Single-Instance Processing For workloads that are intentionally designed to run as a single execution unit without fan‑out, trigger‑based scaling, or workflow orchestration Jobs provide a straightforward execution model. This includes tasks where parallelism, retries, and state handling are implemented directly within the application. Making the Choice Consideration Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps Azure Container Apps Jobs Trigger model Event‑driven (files, messages, timers, HTTP, events) Explicit execution (manual, scheduled, or externally triggered) Scaling behavior Automatic scaling based on trigger volume / queue depth Fixed or explicitly defined parallelism Programming model Functions programming model with triggers, bindings, Durable Functions General container execution model State management Built‑in state, retries, and checkpointing via Durable Functions Custom state management required Workflow orchestration Native support using Durable Functions Must be implemented manually Boilerplate required Minimal (no polling, retry, or coordination code) Higher (polling, retries, lifecycle handling) Runtime flexibility Limited to supported Functions runtimes Full control over runtime and dependencies Getting Started on Functions on Azure Container Apps If you’re already running on Container Apps, adding Functions is straightforward: Your Functions run alongside your existing apps, sharing the same networking, observability, and scaling infrastructure. Check out the documentation for details - Getting Started on Functions on Azure Container Apps # Create a Functions app in your existing Container Apps environment az functionapp create \ --name my-batch-processor \ --storage-account mystorageaccount \ --environment my-container-apps-env \ --workload-profile-name "Consumption" \ --runtime python \ --functions-version 4 Getting Started on Container App Jobs on Azure Container Apps If you already have an Azure Container Apps environment, you can create a job using the Azure CLI. Checkout the documentation for details - Jobs in Azure Container Apps az containerapp job create \ --name my-job \ --resource-group my-resource-group \ --environment my-container-apps-env \ --trigger-type Manual \ --image mcr.microsoft.com/k8se/quickstart-jobs:latest \ --cpu 0.25 \ --memory 0.5Gi Quick Links Azure Functions on Azure Container Apps overview Create your Azure Functions app through custom containers on Azure Container Apps Run event-driven and batch workloads with Azure Functions on Azure Container AppsAn AI led SDLC: Building an End-to-End Agentic Software Development Lifecycle with Azure and GitHub.
This is due to the inevitable move towards fully agentic, end-to-end SDLCs. We may not yet be at a point where software engineers are managing fleets of agents creating the billion-dollar AI abstraction layer, but (as I will evidence in this article) we are certainly on the precipice of such a world. Before we dive into the reality of agentic development today, let me examine two very different modules from university and their relevance in an AI-first development environment. Manual Requirements Translation. At university I dedicated two whole years to a unit called “Systems Design”. This was one of my favourite units, primarily focused on requirements translation. Often, I would receive a scenario between “The Proprietor” and “The Proprietor’s wife”, who seemed to be in a never-ending cycle of new product ideas. These tasks would be analysed, broken down, manually refined, and then mapped to some kind of early-stage application architecture (potentially some pseudo-code and a UML diagram or two). The big intellectual effort in this exercise was taking human intention and turning it into something tangible to build from (BA’s). Today, by the time I have opened Notepad and started to decipher requirements, an agent can already have created a comprehensive list, a service blueprint, and a code scaffold to start the process (*cough* spec-kit *cough*). Manual debugging. Need I say any more? Old-school debugging with print()’s and breakpoints is dead. I spent countless hours learning to debug in a classroom and then later with my own software, stepping through execution line by line, reading through logs, and understanding what to look for; where correlation did and didn’t mean causation. I think back to my year at IBM as a fresh-faced intern in a cloud engineering team, where around 50% of my time was debugging different issues until it was sufficiently “narrowed down”, and then reading countless Stack Overflow posts figuring out the actual change I would need to make to a PowerShell script or Jenkins pipeline. Already in Azure, with the emergence of SRE agents, that debug process looks entirely different. The debug process for software even more so… #terminallastcommand WHY IS THIS NOT RUNNING? #terminallastcommand Review these logs and surface errors relating to XYZ. As I said: breakpoints are dead, for now at least. Caveat – Is this a good thing? One more deviation from the main core of the article if you would be so kind (if you are not as kind skip to the implementation walkthrough below). Is this actually a good thing? Is a software engineering degree now worthless? What if I love printf()? I don’t know is my answer today, at the start of 2026. Two things worry me: one theoretical and one very real. To start with the theoretical: today AI takes a significant amount of the “donkey work” away from developers. How does this impact cognitive load at both ends of the spectrum? The list that “donkey work” encapsulates is certainly growing. As a result, on one end of the spectrum humans are left with the complicated parts yet to be within an agent’s remit. This could have quite an impact on our ability to perform tasks. If we are constantly dealing with the complex and advanced, when do we have time to re-root ourselves in the foundations? Will we see an increase in developer burnout? How do technical people perform without the mundane or routine tasks? I often hear people who have been in the industry for years discuss how simple infrastructure, computing, development, etc. were 20 years ago, almost with a longing to return to a world where today’s zero trust, globally replicated architectures are a twinkle in an architect’s eye. Is constantly working on only the most complex problems a good thing? At the other end of the spectrum, what if the performance of AI tooling and agents outperforms our wildest expectations? Suddenly, AI tools and agents are picking up more and more of today’s complicated and advanced tasks. Will developers, architects, and organisations lose some ability to innovate? Fundamentally, we are not talking about artificial general intelligence when we say AI; we are talking about incredibly complex predictive models that can augment the existing ideas they are built upon but are not, in themselves, innovators. Put simply, in the words of Scott Hanselman: “Spicy auto-complete”. Does increased reliance on these agents in more and more of our business processes remove the opportunity for innovative ideas? For example, if agents were football managers, would we ever have graduated from Neil Warnock and Mick McCarthy football to Pep? Would every agent just augment a ‘lump it long and hope’ approach? We hear about learning loops, but can these learning loops evolve into “innovation loops?” Past the theoretical and the game of 20 questions, the very real concern I have is off the back of some data shared recently on Stack Overflow traffic. We can see in the diagram below that Stack Overflow traffic has dipped significantly since the release of GitHub Copilot in October 2021, and as the product has matured that trend has only accelerated. Data from 12 months ago suggests that Stack Overflow has lost 77% of new questions compared to 2022… Stack Overflow democratises access to problem-solving (I have to be careful not to talk in past tense here), but I will admit I cannot remember the last time I was reviewing Stack Overflow or furiously searching through solutions that are vaguely similar to my own issue. This causes some concern over the data available in the future to train models. Today, models can be grounded in real, tested scenarios built by developers in anger. What happens with this question drop when API schemas change, when the technology built for today is old and deprecated, and the dataset is stale and never returning to its peak? How do we mitigate this impact? There is potential for some closed-loop type continuous improvement in the future, but do we think this is a scalable solution? I am unsure. So, back to the question: “Is this a good thing?”. It’s great today; the long-term impacts are yet to be seen. If we think that AGI may never be achieved, or is at least a very distant horizon, then understanding the foundations of your technical discipline is still incredibly important. Developers will not only be the managers of their fleet of agents, but also the janitors mopping up the mess when there is an accident (albeit likely mopping with AI-augmented tooling). An AI First SDLC Today – The Reality Enough reflection and nostalgia (I don’t think that’s why you clicked the article), let’s start building something. For the rest of this article I will be building an AI-led, agent-powered software development lifecycle. The example I will be building is an AI-generated weather dashboard. It’s a simple example, but if agents can generate, test, deploy, observe, and evolve this application, it proves that today, and into the future, the process can likely scale to more complex domains. Let’s start with the entry point. The problem statement that we will build from. “As a user I want to view real time weather data for my city so that I can plan my day.” We will use this as the single input for our AI led SDLC. This is what we will pass to promptkit and watch our app and subsequent features built in front of our eyes. The goal is that we will: - Spec-kit to get going and move from textual idea to requirements and scaffold. - Use a coding agent to implement our plan. - A Quality agent to assess the output and quality of the code. - GitHub Actions that not only host the agents (Abstracted) but also handle the build and deployment. - An SRE agent proactively monitoring and opening issues automatically. The end to end flow that we will review through this article is the following: Step 1: Spec-driven development - Spec First, Code Second A big piece of realising an AI-led SDLC today relies on spec-driven development (SDD). One of the best summaries for SDD that I have seen is: “Version control for your thinking”. Instead of huge specs that are stale and buried in a knowledge repository somewhere, SDD looks to make them a first-class citizen within the SDLC. Architectural decisions, business logic, and intent can be captured and versioned as a product evolves; an executable artefact that evolves with the project. In 2025, GitHub released the open-source Spec Kit: a tool that enables the goal of placing a specification at the centre of the engineering process. Specs drive the implementation, checklists, and task breakdowns, steering an agent towards the end goal. This article from GitHub does a great job explaining the basics, so if you’d like to learn more it’s a great place to start (https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/spec-driven-development-with-ai-get-started-with-a-new-open-source-toolkit/). In short, Spec Kit generates requirements, a plan, and tasks to guide a coding agent through an iterative, structured development process. Through the Spec Kit constitution, organisational standards and tech-stack preferences are adhered to throughout each change. I did notice one (likely intentional) gap in functionality that would cement Spec Kit’s role in an autonomous SDLC. That gap is that the implement stage is designed to run within an IDE or client coding agent. You can now, in the IDE, toggle between task implementation locally or with an agent in the cloud. That is great but again it still requires you to drive through the IDE. Thinking about this in the context of an AI-led SDLC (where we are pushing tasks from Spec Kit to a coding agent outside of my own desktop), it was clear that a bridge was needed. As a result, I used Spec Kit to create the Spec-to-issue tool. This allows us to take the tasks and plan generated by Spec Kit, parse the important parts, and automatically create a GitHub issue, with the option to auto-assign the coding agent. From the perspective of an autonomous AI-led SDLC, Speckit really is the entry point that triggers the flow. How Speckit is surfaced to users will vary depending on the organisation and the context of the users. For the rest of this demo I use Spec Kit to create a weather app calling out to the OpenWeather API, and then add additional features with new specs. With one simple prompt of “/promptkit.specify “Application feature/idea/change” I suddenly had a really clear breakdown of the tasks and plan required to get to my desired end state while respecting the context and preferences I had previously set in my Spec Kit constitution. I had mentioned a desire for test driven development, that I required certain coverage and that all solutions were to be Azure Native. The real benefit here compared to prompting directly into the coding agent is that the breakdown of one large task into individual measurable small components that are clear and methodical improves the coding agents ability to perform them by a considerable degree. We can see an example below of not just creating a whole application but another spec to iterate on an existing application and add a feature. We can see the result of the spec creation, the issue in our github repo and most importantly for the next step, our coding agent, GitHub CoPilot has been assigned automatically. Step 2: GitHub Coding Agent - Iterative, autonomous software creation Talking of coding agents, GitHub Copilot’s coding agent is an autonom ous agent in GitHub that can take a scoped development task and work on it in the background using the repository’s context. It can make code changes and produce concrete outputs like commits and pull requests for a developer to review. The developer stays in control by reviewing, requesting changes, or taking over at any point. This does the heavy lifting in our AI-led SDLC. We have already seen great success with customers who have adopted the coding agent when it comes to carrying out menial tasks to save developers time. These coding agents can work in parallel to human developers and with each other. In our example we see that the coding agent creates a new branch for its changes, and creates a PR which it starts working on as it ticks off the various tasks generated in our spec. One huge positive of the coding agent that sets it apart from other similar solutions is the transparency in decision-making and actions taken. The monitoring and observability built directly into the feature means that the agent’s “thinking” is easily visible: the iterations and steps being taken can be viewed in full sequence in the Agents tab. Furthermore, the action that the agent is running is also transparently available to view in the Actions tab, meaning problems can be assessed very quickly. Once the coding agent is finished, it has run the required tests and, even in the case of a UI change, goes as far as calling the Playwright MCP server and screenshotting the change to showcase in the PR. We are then asked to review the change. In this demo, I also created a GitHub Action that is triggered when a PR review is requested: it creates the required resources in Azure and surfaces the (in this case) Azure Container Apps revision URL, making it even smoother for the human in the loop to evaluate the changes. Just like any normal PR, if changes are required comments can be left; when they are, the coding agent can pick them up and action what is needed. It’s also worth noting that for any manual intervention here, use of GitHub Codespaces would work very well to make minor changes or perform testing on an agent’s branch. We can even see the unit tests that have been specified in our spec how been executed by our coding agent. The pattern used here (Spec Kit -> coding agent) overcomes one of the biggest challenges we see with the coding agent. Unlike an IDE-based coding agent, the GitHub.com coding agent is left to its own iterations and implementation without input until the PR review. This can lead to subpar performance, especially compared to IDE agents which have constant input and interruption. The concise and considered breakdown generated from Spec Kit provides the structure and foundation for the agent to execute on; very little is left to interpretation for the coding agent. Step 3: GitHub Code Quality Review (Human in the loop with agent assistance.) GitHub Code Quality is a feature (currently in preview) that proactively identifies code quality risks and opportunities for enhancement both in PRs and through repository scans. These are surfaced within a PR and also in repo-level scoreboards. This means that PRs can now extend existing static code analysis: Copilot can action CodeQL, PMD, and ESLint scanning on top of the new, in-context code quality findings and autofixes. Furthermore, we receive a summary of the actual changes made. This can be used to assist the human in the loop in understanding what changes have been made and whether enhancements or improvements are required. Thinking about this in the context of review coverage, one of the challenges sometimes in already-lean development teams is the time to give proper credence to PRs. Now, with AI-assisted quality scanning, we can be more confident in our overall evaluation and test coverage. I would expect that use of these tools alongside existing human review processes would increase repository code quality and reduce uncaught errors. The data points support this too. The Qodo 2025 AI Code Quality report showed that usage of AI code reviews increased quality improvements to 81% (from 55%). A similar study from Atlassian RovoDev 2026 study showed that 38.7% of comments left by AI agents in code reviews lead to additional code fixes. LLM’s in their current form are never going to achieve 100% accuracy however these are still considerable, significant gains in one of the most important (and often neglected) parts of the SDLC. With a significant number of software supply chain attacks recently it is also not a stretch to imagine that that many projects could benefit from "independently" (use this term loosely) reviewed and summarised PR's and commits. This in the future could potentially by a specialist/sub agent during a PR or merge to focus on identifying malicious code that may be hidden within otherwise normal contributions, case in point being the "near-miss" XZ Utils attack. Step 4: GitHub Actions for build and deploy - No agents here, just deterministic automation. This step will be our briefest, as the idea of CI/CD and automation needs no introduction. It is worth noting that while I am sure there are additional opportunities for using agents within a build and deploy pipeline, I have not investigated them. I often speak with customers about deterministic and non-deterministic business process automation, and the importance of distinguishing between the two. Some processes were created to be deterministic because that is all that was available at the time; the number of conditions required to deal with N possible flows just did not scale. However, now those processes can be non-deterministic. Good examples include IVR decision trees in customer service or hard-coded sales routines to retain a customer regardless of context; these would benefit from less determinism in their execution. However, some processes remain best as deterministic flows: financial transactions, policy engines, document ingestion. While all these flows may be part of an AI solution in the future (possibly as a tool an agent calls, or as part of a larger agent-based orchestration), the processes themselves are deterministic for a reason. Just because we could have dynamic decision-making doesn’t mean we should. Infrastructure deployment and CI/CD pipelines are one good example of this, in my opinion. We could have an agent decide what service best fits our codebase and which region we should deploy to, but do we really want to, and do the benefits outweigh the potential negatives? In this process flow we use a deterministic GitHub action to deploy our weather application into our “development” environment and then promote through the environments until we reach production and we want to now ensure that the application is running smoothly. We also use an action as mentioned above to deploy and surface our agents changes. In Azure Container Apps we can do this in a secure sandbox environment called a “Dynamic Session” to ensure strong isolation of what is essentially “untrusted code”. Often enterprises can view the building and development of AI applications as something that requires a completely new process to take to production, while certain additional processes are new, evaluation, model deployment etc many of our traditional SDLC principles are just as relevant as ever before, CI/CD pipelines being a great example of that. Checked in code that is predictably deployed alongside required services to run tests or promote through environments. Whether you are deploying a java calculator app or a multi agent customer service bot, CI/CD even in this new world is a non-negotiable. We can see that our geolocation feature is running on our Azure Container Apps revision and we can begin to evaluate if we agree with CoPilot that all the feature requirements have been met. In this case they have. If they hadn't we'd just jump into the PR and add a new comment with "@copilot" requesting our changes. Step 5: SRE Agent - Proactive agentic day two operations. The SRE agent service on Azure is an operations-focused agent that continuously watches a running service using telemetry such as logs, metrics, and traces. When it detects incidents or reliability risks, it can investigate signals, correlate likely causes, and propose or initiate response actions such as opening issues, creating runbook-guided fixes, or escalating to an on-call engineer. It effectively automates parts of day two operations while keeping humans in control of approval and remediation. It can be run in two different permission models: one with a reader role that can temporarily take user permissions for approved actions when identified. The other model is a privileged level that allows it to autonomously take approved actions on resources and resource types within the resource groups it is monitoring. In our example, our SRE agent could take actions to ensure our container app runs as intended: restarting pods, changing traffic allocations, and alerting for secret expiry. The SRE agent can also perform detailed debugging to save human SREs time, summarising the issue, fixes tried so far, and narrowing down potential root causes to reduce time to resolution, even across the most complex issues. My initial concern with these types of autonomous fixes (be it VPA on Kubernetes or an SRE agent across your infrastructure) is always that they can very quickly mask problems, or become an anti-pattern where you have drift between your IaC and what is actually running in Azure. One of my favourite features of SRE agents is sub-agents. Sub-agents can be created to handle very specific tasks that the primary SRE agent can leverage. Examples include alerting, report generation, and potentially other third-party integrations or tooling that require a more concise context. In my example, I created a GitHub sub-agent to be called by the primary agent after every issue that is resolved. When called, the GitHub sub-agent creates an issue summarising the origin, context, and resolution. This really brings us full circle. We can then potentially assign this to our coding agent to implement the fix before we proceed with the rest of the cycle; for example, a change where a port is incorrect in some Bicep, or min scale has been adjusted because of latency observed by the SRE agent. These are quick fixes that can be easily implemented by a coding agent, subsequently creating an autonomous feedback loop with human review. Conclusion: The journey through this AI-led SDLC demonstrates that it is possible, with today’s tooling, to improve any existing SDLC with AI assistance, evolving from simply using a chat interface in an IDE. By combining Speckit, spec-driven development, autonomous coding agents, AI-augmented quality checks, deterministic CI/CD pipelines, and proactive SRE agents, we see an emerging ecosystem where human creativity and oversight guide an increasingly capable fleet of collaborative agents. As with all AI solutions we design today, I remind myself that “this is as bad as it gets”. If the last two years are anything to go by, the rate of change in this space means this article may look very different in 12 months. I imagine Spec-to-issue will no longer be required as a bridge, as native solutions evolve to make this process even smoother. There are also some areas of an AI-led SDLC that are not included in this post, things like reviewing the inner-loop process or the use of existing enterprise patterns and blueprints. I also did not review use of third-party plugins or tools available through GitHub. These would make for an interesting expansion of the demo. We also did not look at the creation of custom coding agents, which could be hosted in Microsoft Foundry; this is especially pertinent with the recent announcement of Anthropic models now being available to deploy in Foundry. Does today’s tooling mean that developers, QAs, and engineers are no longer required? Absolutely not (and if I am honest, I can’t see that changing any time soon). However, it is evidently clear that in the next 12 months, enterprises who reshape their SDLC (and any other business process) to become one augmented by agents will innovate faster, learn faster, and deliver faster, leaving organisations who resist this shift struggling to keep up.
