Building resilient networks for AI supercomputers
By Valerie Cutts and Jithin Jose Last fall we introduced Fairwater, the world’s most powerful AI datacenter. Delivering a system of this scale required rethinking how Azure designs supercomputers, especially the scale-out network. Today, we are sharing more about the networking innovations that have made Fairwater possible. In this post, we share what’s unique about networking at extreme GPU scale and the system-level design choices required to enable large synchronous training jobs to run reliably, even during network failures. We are also publishing, in partnership with others, the open-source Multipath Reliable Connection (MRC) specification and software interfaces, and open-sourcing the associated libraries. Fault-tolerant scale-out networking At extreme scale, synchronous training amplifies the impact of routine network faults, turning packet drops, slow links, and partial failures into stalls, restarts, and wasted GPU time. As we describe in our MRC paper, the path forward is to treat failure as normal and design the network as an integrated system that: Scales to 100K+ GPUs using a two level, multi-path topology to enable enough redundancy Balances load evenly across the fabric to prevent congestion Recovers predictably and gracefully during failures Uses less power than three- or four-layer single-plane topologies As outlined in the Multipath Reliable Connection Specification, Microsoft partnered with AMD, Broadcom, Intel, NVIDIA and OpenAI to jointly address this problem, focusing on changes to transport and network design needed to support training at extreme scale. Instead of relying on lossless fabrics and dynamic routing, we collectively designed, built, and deployed Multipath Reliable Connection (MRC), which draws upon lessons from the Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC), and paired it with a multiplane network topology, enabling reliable training jobs even when links, switches, or paths fail. The endpoint–driven transport created a simpler, more resilient network that delivers: More resilient, predictable training at very large scale Large training jobs continue making steady forward progress despite routine network faults, reducing stalls and restarts and improving time-to-train as cluster size increases. Better utilization of expensive GPU infrastructure By avoiding tail latency amplification and repeated recovery cycles, GPUs spend more time doing useful work instead of waiting on synchronization or replaying lost computation, improving overall efficiency and cost effectiveness. Automatic adaptation at machine timescales Failure detection, load balancing, and recovery happen fast enough to keep up with the rate and complexity of faults in 100K+ GPU systems, well beyond what manual intervention or control-plane convergence can achieve, allowing the system to remain stable as scale increases. In the Fairwater supercomputer, enabling graceful degradation in the scale-out network improves training throughput versus traditional transports and architectures. In combination with a multi-plane topology design, MRC increases the time that installed NVIDIA GPUs perform useful computation. A shift in philosophy: End-to-end control The central design decision behind MRC is to shift responsibility for load balancing and failure handling from complex network switch control planes to the network endpoints with end-to-end controls. The network endpoint controls the path selection and can optimally use a set of paths based on feedback from the network. MRC extends the RoCE Reliable Connection (RC) transport to support true multipath operation. Instead of binding a queue pair to a single path, MRC sprays packets across many paths simultaneously, making performance far less sensitive to any single slow or failed link. Several design elements are critical to enable end-to-end control. Every packet carries enough information for the receiver to place it directly into memory, even if packets arrive out of order. Selective acknowledgments enable rapid retransmission of only the packets that were lost. Packet trimming signals network congestion swiftly without forcing full packet drops, enabling efficient congestion control. MRC disables Priority Flow Control (PFC) entirely and runs Ethernet in best-effort mode, avoiding global pauses that can devastate tail latency or lead to fabric-wide deadlock behavior. The system enables seamless self-recovery from network hardware failures. The result is a transport protocol that expects loss, adapts quickly, and continues making progress even when parts of the fabric misbehave. Rethinking topology: Multi‑plane design Transport alone is not enough. To complement MRC, we implemented a two-tier, multiplane network topology in Fairwater using high-radix switches. Our network design splits each NIC into multiple lower speed ports (i.e. eight x 100 Gbps) and builds multiple parallel network planes. This multi-plane design enables a more compact topology, as opposed to a traditional three-tier Clos Network running at 800 Gbps/port. Our 2-layer multi-plane topology design offers several advantages: Enables connecting 100K+ GPUs with just two tiers of network. Lower latency since packets traverse fewer switches. Reduced impact of network issues on overall job completion, while we see single switches connected to more servers, the individual impact is reduced by spreading the failure, decreasing the performance impact to the overall job. Reduced hardware and power costs compared to designs with additional network layer, without compromising on GPU scale. Most importantly, the network becomes more tolerant of partial failures, so jobs continue with slightly reduced bandwidth rather than failing outright. Multiplane networks work efficiently only when traffic is evenly distributed across all planes and paths. This is where MRC’s packet spraying and path aware congestion response is essential. Figure 1: Example of two-tier multi-plane topology using 512 x 100 GbE switches: 512 T0s x 256 NICs = 131,072 NICs Static SRv6: Fewer moving parts, more predictability In many data center networks, switches rely on Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or other dynamic routing protocols. We removed dynamic routing from our design; instead, packets are source-routed using IPv6 Segment Routing (SRv6). Each packet encodes the end-to-end network path using compact microsegment IDs (uSIDs). At first glance, static routing seems counterintuitive in failure-prone environments. At extreme scale, however, dynamic routing is more of a liability than an asset. Namely, if two or more switches try to reroute packets at the same time, network behavior becomes unpredictable and harder to diagnose. Interactions between adaptive routing and adaptive transport can be hard to resolve and harder to debug at larger scale. MRC, on the other hand, handles path health and rapid failover at the transport layer. When static routing is used, it enables precise health feedback for each of the different network paths from that network endpoint. Because probe (test) packets follow the same paths as data packets, operators gain accurate, ground-truth insight into fabric health without depending on switch control planes, which are themselves a common source of failures. Additionally, SRv6 routing allows network operators to utilize out-of-band monitoring frameworks to accurately identify link failures and device faults, which has been particularly valuable in managing large-scale AI clusters. Static SRv6 ensures paths are deterministic, making problems easier to reproduce, debug and, ultimately, more stable over time. Failure as a normal operating condition In production, failures are expected by design—link flaps, partial failures, and even switch reboots are routine at this scale. With MRC, many of these events no longer impact training workloads. Repair actions proceed in parallel, while MRC dynamically routes around failed paths. As repairs complete, MRC discovers and validates the restored paths before seamlessly reintegrating them—entirely transparent to the training application. In summary: Systems degrade gracefully Losing a NIC port reduces available bandwidth proportional to the lost port but does not crash jobs Flapping T0–T1 links often go unnoticed by applications Switches can be rebooted without coordinated drain or rerouting of the system For massive scale training runs, this translates into higher effective uptime, fewer interrupted jobs, and more training throughput. Figure 2: Bidirectional-bandwidth measurements with pt-pt RDMA Perftest while a T0 switch was taken down. Results indicate that the overall bandwidth dropped in proportion to the T0 switch bandwidth, but without failing the job Figure 3: Bidirectional-bandwidth measurements with RDMA Perftest while T1 switch is failed and restored. Results indicate that no impact in performance as MRC was able to route around the bad switch Measured results at scale This is not just a thought exercise: Microsoft and OpenAI have both run extensive experiments and record-scale training jobs, showing only brief, bounded performance dips during significant network faults, followed by rapid recovery. Microbenchmarks demonstrate near line-rate bandwidth and predictable latency, even under injected loss. OpenAI describes their scale results in a recent blog post, consistent with what we observe. Taken together, multi-plane MRC with SRv6 delivers better load balancing with fewer queue pairs and substantially higher resilience to packet loss, enabling millions of networking links to connect hundreds of thousands of GPUs. Figure 4: NCCL Send-Recv Benchmark Results with 42,020 GPUs each with 800 Gbps MRC NIC showing up to 92% of theoretical peak bandwidth for large message sizes What this enables Taken together, MRC, multiplane topologies, and static SRv6 form a coherent strategy for building AI supercomputer scale-out networks that keep large synchronous training jobs moving forward under real-world fault conditions. Instead of treating loss, link flaps and partial failures as events that trigger stalls or restarts, the system is designed to fail gracefully and reach 100K+ GPUs scale at high utilization. This design approach has been deployed in Fairwater and elsewhere to train state-of-the-art models, where the result is more predictable performance for large jobs with higher effective GPU utilization. The core takeaway is simple: by assuming failures will happen and, designing for them explicitly, events that would otherwise be catastrophic become minor, manageable perturbations. Join us in advancing resilient AI infrastructure To help the broader ecosystem adopt these capabilities, Microsoft is joining key partners in releasing the MRC specification to the Open Compute Project and open sourcing key components: libMRC: MRC transport APIs NCCL MRC plugin: enables NCCL to run over MRC transport MRC shim library: enables compatible verbs applications to run over MRC with no code changes MSCCL++ with MRC support: MSCCL++ library with MRC support SONiC SRv6: enhance SRv6 with open NOS for high performance AI Ethernet We encourage others to review these contributions to the public, share feedback, and ultimately adopt these capabilities within the broader ecosystem of AI networking products, infrastructures, and workloads. Acknowledgements Advancing AI at this scale requires collaboration across the industry. At Microsoft, we value our partnerships with AMD, Broadcom, Intel, NVIDIA, and OpenAI, and our shared commitment to continuing to evolve MRC alongside the broader community. References: MRC paper: Resilient AI Supercomputer Networking using MRC and SRv6 Multipath Reliable Connection Specification OpenAI MRC blog AMD MRC blog Broadcom MRC blog NVIDIA MRC Blog libMRC APIs microsoft/mrc-verbs-shim-lib: shim library to translate ibverbs to libmrc interfaces microsoft/mrc-nccl-plugin: MRC plugin for NCCL microsoft/mscclpp: MSCCL++: A GPU-driven communication stack for scalable AI applications (with MRC support)
Distributing model weights to your AI cluster: a faster pre-flight on AKS and Slurm
Standing up an N-node training or inference job and waiting forever for the model checkpoint to land on every node's NVMe? Here's a small Rust + MPI tool — azcp-cluster — that pays Azure egress once, broadcasts over your fabric, and finishes in seconds. Plus the AKS and Slurm patterns to wire it into a real pipeline.Azure NCv6 Virtual Machines: Enhancements and GA Transition
NCv6 Virtual Machines are Azure's flexible, next generation platform enabling both leading-edge graphics and generative AI compute workloads. Featuring NVIDIA RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell Server Edition (BSE) GPUs, Intel Xeon™ 6 "Granite Rapids" 6900P series CPUs, and a suite of Microsoft Azure technologies, NCv6 VMs are available now in Preview. Today, we are pleased to share a series of exciting updates coming soon to Azure NCv6 that will: Enhance VM performance and capabilities Provide more VM sizes for customers to "right size" their usage Bring NCv6 to production readiness with a transition to General Availability, and Expand accessibility across the global Azure cloud New VM Sizes, Features, and Performance Enhancements In the coming weeks, Azure will debut seven new NCv6-series VM sizes and two different sub-families for customers to choose from. The standout features introduced with the new VM sizes include: 🧩 Fractional GPU support, enabling graphics workload customers to deploy VMs with as little as 1/2 or 1/4 of a RTX PRO™ 6000. VMs with fractional GPU support also feature reduced vCPU, memory, SSD, and networking to help customers optimize costs and right size their VMs to their workloads. ⚡ Increased vCPU per VM size (e.g. 288 vCPU instead of 256) to provide more performance for high-end VDI workstations and better align with the Intel Xeon 6900P's triple compute tile architecture. 🛠️ General Purpose and Compute Optimized VM sizes. The former provides larger amounts of CPU memory for demanding generative AI inference and ISV CAD/CAE simulations, while the latter offers reduced memory to enable customers with less memory intensive workloads to cost optimize their deployments. The new VM sizes will replace the existing three VM sizes offered in Preview, and be available as follows: NCv6 - General Purpose VM sizes: Size Name vCPUs Memory (GB) Networking (Mb/s) GPUs GPU Mem (GB) Temp Disk NVMe Disk Standard_NC36ds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 36 132 22500 1/4 24 256 1600 Standard_NC72ds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 72 264 45000 1/2 48 512 3200 Standard_NC144ds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 144 516 90000 1 96 1024 6400 Standard_NC288ds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 288 1032 180000 2 192 2048 12800 Standard_NC324ds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 324 1284 180000 2 192 2048 12800 NCv6-Compute Optimized VM sizes: Size Name vCPUs Memory (GB) Networking (Mbps) GPUs GPU Mem (GB) Temp Disk NVMe Disk Standard_NC24lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 24 72 22500 1/4 24 256 1600 Standard_NC36lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 36 72 22500 1/4 24 256 1600 Standard_NC72lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 72 132 45000 1/2 48 512 3200 Standard_NC144lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 144 264 90000 1 96 1024 6400 Standard_NC288lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 288 516 180000 2 192 2048 12800 Standard_NC324lds_xl_RTXPro6000_v6 324 648 180000 2 192 2048 12800 Note that, until the new VM sizes are available, Microsoft Learn resources will continue to reflect the currently offered VM sizes and technical specifications. Transition to General Availability In the coming weeks, Azure will transition NCv6-series from Preview to General Availability (GA) status. With this transition, NCv6 VMs will become covered by the Azure Service Level Agreement (SLA) and thus ready to support production-grade deployments by customers, partners, and service providers. When the transition to NCv6 VMs occurs, they will be available in the Azure West US2 and Southeast Asia regions. Information on availability timing of additional regions is provided below. Regional Expansion Across the Azure Cloud At the beginning of Preview, NCv6 VMs debuted in the West US2 region. Since then, we have also added NCv6 VMs to the Southeast Asia region. Both regions will be part of the transition to GA status. We are pleased to share that in the proceeding months covering Q3 of 2026, NCv6 VMs will also become available in the following Azure regions: • East US • West Europe • East US 2 • North Europe • South Central US • Germany West Central • West US • Korea Central Ready to build for the future with Azure NCv6? NCv6 Virtual Machines are available now in Preview. Start your production-grade AI journey today and explore the next frontier of Azure AI infrastructure. Join the PreviewSimplify troubleshooting at scale - Centralized Log Management for CycleCloud Workspace for Slurm
Training large AI models on hundreds or thousands of nodes introduces a critical operational challenge: when a distributed job fails, quickly identifying the root cause across scattered logs can become incredibly time-consuming. This manual process delays recovery and reduces cluster utilization. The ability to quickly parse centralized cluster logs from a single interface is critical to ensure job failure root cases are swiftly identified and mitigated to maintain high cluster utilization. Solution Architecture This is a turnkey, customizable log forwarding solution for CycleCloud Workspace for Slurm that centralizes all cluster logs into Azure Monitor Logs Analytic. The architecture uses Azure Monitor Agent (AMA) deployed on every VM and Virtual Machine Scale Set (VMSS) to stream logs defined by Data Collection Rules (DCR) to dedicated tables in a Log Analytics workspace where they can be queried from a single interface. The turnkey solution captures three categories of logs essential for troubleshooting distributed workloads, but can be extended for any other logs: Slurm logs including slurmctld, slurmd, etc., plus archived job artifacts (job submission scripts, environmental variables, stdout/stderr) collected via prolog/epilog scripts. Infrastructure logs including those from CycleCloud including the CycleCloud Healthagent which automatically tests nodes for hardware health and draining nodes that fail tests. Operation System logs from syslog and dmesg capturing kernel events, network state changes, and hardware issues. Each log source flows through its own DCR into a dedicated table following a consistent schema. The solution automatically associates scheduler-specific DCRs with the Slurm scheduler node and compute-specific DCRs with compute nodes handling dynamic node scaling transparently. The solution is purpose-built for CycleCloud Workspace for Slurm, but designed in a modular fashion to be easily extended for new data sources (i.e. new log formats) and processing (i.e. Data Collection Rules) to support log forwarding and analysis of other required logs. Key Benefits Time-series correlation: Azure Monitor's time-based indexing enables rapid identification of cascading failures. For example, trace a network carrier flap detected in syslog to corresponding slurmd communication errors to specific job failures all within seconds. Centralized visibility: Query logs from thousands of nodes through a single interface instead of SSH-ing to individual machines. Correlate Slurm controller decisions with node-level errors and system events in one query. Log persistence: Logs survive node deallocations and reimaging. Critical in cloud environments where compute nodes are ephemeral. Powerful query language: KQL (Kusto Query Language) allows parsing raw logs into structured fields, filtering across multiple sources, and building operational dashboards. Example queries detect patterns like repeated job failures, network instability, or resource exhaustion. Production-ready scalability: User-assigned managed identities automatically propagate to new VMSS instances, and DCR associations handle thousands of nodes without manual configuration. Getting Started The complete solution is available on GitHub (slurm-log-collection) with deployment scripts that: Create all required Log Analytics tables Deploys pre-configured DCRs for Slurm, CycleCloud, and OS logs Automatically associate DCRs with scheduler and compute resources After configuring environment variables and running the setup scripts, logs begin flowing to Azure Monitor and will populate within 15 minutes, but normal log ingestion latency is ~30s to 3 minutes. The repository includes sample KQL queries for common troubleshooting scenarios to accelerate time-to-resolution and to perform non-troubleshooting analysis of cluster usage.
AI Inferencing in Air-Gapped Environments
If you had to point out the top trends of IT these days, two strong candidates would be Generative AI and Cybersecurity. Especially around the latter, sophistication, reach and volume of cyberattacks have seen significant increases in the last years, with added ingredients such as advanced persistent threats, state actors or “crime-as-a-service” providers. Interestingly enough, both trends go hand in hand: Artificial Intelligence extracts value from your data, and cyber criminals are exactly after the same thing: your data. It is not surprising that organizations have taken steps to protect themselves against data theft or data exfiltration, as it is often described. In this post we will explore how to deploy in a Kubernetes cluster a Hugging Face-hosted model and a NVIDIA NIM™ microservice, a prebuilt, optimized inference container for rapidly deploying the latest AI models, and at the same time protect your infrastructure against data theft. You can find more information about NVIDIA NIM here: https://developer.nvidia.com/nim. We will outline the process for deploying a Kubernetes cluster in Azure with the highest level of network security to prevent data exfiltration, and we will also demonstrate the deployment of container images and required model parameters for both options Why Kubernetes clusters Unless you have been living under a rock, you are probably aware that Kubernetes has taken the IT world by storm, and the AI ecosystem is not an exception. Kubernetes makes it extremely easy to package and deploy applications over any infrastructure and hence it has become one the most popular platforms to run AI workloads, especially AI inferencing. Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) is an Azure service that makes it easy to run Kubernetes clusters in Azure. Over time, AKS has introduced multiple deployment options to meet increasingly stringent requirements, particularly around security. One such option is the private cluster, where no public IP addresses are assigned to the Kubernetes control plane or nodes. To understand this evolution, let’s have a look at what a “public” AKS cluster looks like: Figure 1- public AKS API enabled cluster As the previous figure shows, there are multiple traffic flows that go over the public Internet: In the bootstrap phase, the nodes get images from Microsoft Container Registry, as well as potentially from other repositories such as Ubuntu. The Kubernetes administrator operates the cluster accessing the Kubernetes API provided by Microsoft with a public IP address. When pulling container images, node clusters can get them from publicly available repositories such as Docker hub or Azure Container Registry (if configured to be publicly accessible). Lastly, administrators are allowed to expose applications that run in the cluster via public IP addresses, so that users will access them over the Internet too. The first evolution of this concept towards a more restrictive environment was a commonly used pattern consisting of a combination of private clusters (https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/aks/private-clusters) and Azure Firewall to limit egress traffic (https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/aks/limit-egress-traffic) and prevent data exfiltration. In this model, there are no longer any inbound connections to the cluster: Figure 2- AKS private cluster The AKS API control plane is fully integrated in the virtual network. Azure Container Registry and other Azure services such as Azure Storage or Azure Key Vault are also integrated with the virtual network through the Private Link technology (https://aka.ms/privatelink). However, there are still outbound flows from the cluster nodes to the Internet, for example during the cluster creation process or the deployment of images stored in public repositories, which need to be explicitly allowed by the egress firewall. Air-gapped clusters It can be argued that using private clusters only provides security up to the robustness of your firewall ruleset: it essentially acts as a fail-open mechanism. If there’s a misconfiguration in the firewall rules, you may unintentionally allow data exfiltration or theft. To address this, AKS offers an even greater degree of isolation with network-isolated clusters (https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/aks/concepts-network-isolated), where all outbound connections are completely blocked without the need of a firewall: In this mode, AKS nodes are configured in a way so that no outbound flows to the Internet can exist. If you are curious about what you need to do to make sure of that in Azure, here is the list: No public Azure load balancer attached to the AKS nodes. No NAT gateway attached to the AKS node subnet. No public IP address attached to the AKS nodes. The AKS node subnet configured for no default outbound access (https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/virtual-network/ip-services/default-outbound-access). An important consideration is understanding how AKS nodes receive updates or how images are retrieved from public repositories (e.g. docker.io or nvcr.io). This is achieved through an Azure Container Registry feature known as “artifact cache”: https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/container-registry/artifact-cache-overview. However, a challenge arises when considering Large Language Models (LLMs): LLM container images sourced from Hugging Face or NVIDIA (or any other source) typically include the inference runtime (for example vLLM) but not the model weights. Instead, model artifacts are downloaded dynamically when the container starts. Consequently, Azure Container Registry cannot cache these assets. The question then becomes: how can these model weights be made available within an air-gapped Kubernetes environment? The Model Weights Challenge While the model weight (re) load on container startup is a flexible approach in connected environments, it fails in air-gapped clusters where outbound network access is blocked. To address this, we consider two viable strategies: Constructing a container image that includes all required components and pushing it to the container registry accessible by the isolated cluster Pre-downloading model artifacts to a private file share connected to the virtual network of the isolated cluster, and accessing these resources as needed. Both methods will be demonstrated in detail, but before proceeding, however, we will further outline the example scenario. To provide context aligned with current priorities among our financial clients and organizations operating within regulated sectors, this demonstration focuses on the process of model deployment and the configuration of an isolated cluster for LLM inferencing. For inferencing we use Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-FP8 served by vLLM, a high-performance inference runtime designed specifically for large language models. In simple terms, vLLM is responsible for efficiently loading the model onto the GPU and handling incoming inference requests with very low latency and high throughput. vLLM is typically packaged as a container image, which can be sourced either from Hugging Face or from NVIDIA (in our examples), the latter being highly optimized for NVIDIA GPUs and CUDA®. As described earlier, these images usually contain the inference runtime and dependencies, but not the model weights themselves. Instead, the model weights and other model-specific artifacts are downloaded dynamically when the container starts, allowing the same container image to be reused across different models and versions while keeping the image size small and deployment flexible. This approach is not suitable in isolated AKS clusters, where network traffic flowing outside of the deployed virtual network is not permitted. From an architectural perspective, model serving is only one part of the overall inferencing platform, and the design of the underlying GPU infrastructure plays a critical role-especially in isolated AKS clusters. In such environments, challenges are not limited to downloading model weights at container startup; for example, setting up the GPU node pool is another important consideration. Traditionally, enabling GPUs on AKS requires installing the NVIDIA device plugin for Kubernetes as well as the NVIDIA GPU drivers, most commonly by deploying the NVIDIA GPU Operator, which takes care of both. While the device plugin itself can be installed relatively easily via the artifact cache of an attached container registry, driver installation is more involved, especially in air-gapped or isolated environments: https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/aks/use-nvidia-gpu. NVIDIA also provides detailed guidance on how to deploy the GPU Operator in such scenarios in their documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/gpu-operator/latest/install-gpu-operator-air-gapped.html. While the required procedures are clearly outlined and well documented, configuring the NVIDIA AKS GPU node pool within an air-gapped, isolated cluster continues to be a complex and time-consuming process. Microsoft has recently unveiled a preview feature that allows users to create fully managed NVIDIA GPU node pools on AKS. With this option, all necessary NVIDIA components including drivers, device plugins, and other supporting software are pre-installed and maintained by Microsoft throughout their lifecycle. This functionality is supported on isolated AKS clusters operating with Kubernetes v1.34.0 or later. It substantially decreases operational complexity, streamlining the deployment and maintenance of GPU-based AI inferencing solutions accelerated by NVIDIA in restricted environments https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/aks-managed-gpu-nodes?tabs=add-ubuntu-gpu-node-pool For example, this Azure CLI command would deploy a managed GPU AKS nodepool to an existing AKS cluster: 1 az aks nodepool add \ 2 --resource-group MyResourceGroup \ 3 --cluster-name MyAKSCluster \ 4 --name gpunp \ 5 --node-count 1 \ 6 --node-vm-size <GPU_SKU> \ 7 --node-taints sku=gpu:NoSchedule \ 8 --enable-cluster-autoscaler \ 9 --min-count 1 \ 10 --max-count 3 \ 11 --tags EnableManagedGPUExperience=true Keep in mind that if you want complete control over driver versions and related settings, you should follow the guidelines for deploying the NVIDIA GPU Operator in an air-gapped environment. With the managed option, Microsoft takes care of maintaining driver versions for you. Container and model weight deployment With the managed GPU node pool set up, we can begin implementing both inferencing scenarios. Scenario 1: Baking Model Weights into the Container Image Let’s start with the first one, where the model weights are downloaded from Hugging Face, baked into a container image and then pushed to the attached Container Registry which is reachable from the isolated AKS cluster: Figure 4- Baking Model Weights into Container Image Figure 4- Baking Model Weights into Container Image The easiest way to achieve this, is to trigger the container build directly from the container registry, which will take the local Dockerfile, pull the image and data needed from Hugging Face, and deploy and tag the backed image to the container registry. Make sure you have acquired a Hugging Face API Key. If you are using a gated model, access must be requested before building the image. 1 az acr build \ 2 --registry <ACR_NAME> \ 3 --image llama3-vllm-fat:8b-instruct \ 4 --build-arg HF_TOKEN=$HF_TOKEN \ 5 . Note: When you use the “az acr build” command instead of running docker build yourself, it automatically tags your image and pushes it to the Azure Container Registry. Once this container image is available in the container registry, we can create a simple pod and an internal load balancer to expose the service endpoint to the user. The detailed instructions and code are available here: https://github.com/mocelj/aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment. You can test the deployment by querying the external IP of the deployed service and interacting with the endpoint in an OpenAPI-compatible way . Note that since this is an isolated cluster, you need to connect to the cluster’s network via VPN or run the curl command in a pod inside of the cluster, see aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment/aks_isolated.sh at main · mocelj/aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment for more details about how to set up a point-to-site VPN in Azure. Here you can see how to get the service IP address and query the completions API: 1 # Get the Service IP 2 svc_ip=$(kubectl get svc vllm-llama3-8b -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}') 3 curl -X POST "http://${svc_ip}:8000/v1/chat/completions" \ 4 -H "accept: application/json" \ 5 -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ 6 -d '{ 7 "messages": [ 8 {"role": "system", "content": "You are a polite and respectful chatbot."}, 9 {"role": "user", "content": "Where should I go for lunch close to the Microsoft office in Pratteln?"} 10 ], 11 "model": "meta/llama3-8b-instruct", 12 "max_tokens": 512, 13 "top_p": 1, 14 "n": 1, 15 "stream": false, 16 "frequency_penalty": 0.0 17 }' Scenario 2: Using a Shared File System for Model Artifacts In the second scenario, where we are downloading the model weights and other artifacts used by the NVIDIA NIM to a shared NFS drive, we must follow a slightly different strategy. Figure 5- Pre-download model weights to a private file share For simplicity, we have used a virtual machine capable of downloading artifacts from the Internet and reaching the internal container registry as well as the shared NFS volume deployed in a virtual network. In this example, we have created a simple NFS share using Azure Files (see the Azure CLI code here to create the share and the endpoint): https://github.com/mocelj/aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment/blob/main/aks_isolated.sh#L352). For large scale inferencing scenarios, you might want to consider other storage options to ensure reasonable startup times, given the weights can be of considerable size. To facilitate model deployment on NVIDIA A100 GPUs, we have provisioned a jump box equipped with the same GPU type. If you start with a fresh virtual machine, you may need to install the appropriate GPU driver as well as NVIDIA’s container runtime (https://developer.nvidia.com/container-runtime). You can alternatively deploy a Linux virtual machine using DSVM Linux images, where only the container runtime needs to be added to ensure readiness for operation. To download the container image from nvcr.io we can leverage the caching rules in the container registry and pull the image via our connected container registry. Once the container image is pulled locally, we can download the model profile with the appropriate artifacts and copy everything to the shared folder, e.g. by using rsync. The artifacts can be downloaded by using the Utilities for NVIDIA NIM for LLMs: https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/large-language-models/latest/utilities.html 1 docker run --rm \ 2 --runtime=nvidia \ 3 --gpus all \ 4 -v $LOCAL_NIM_CACHE:/opt/nim/.cache \ 5 -u $(id -u) \ 6 -e NGC_API_KEY \ 7 $TARGET_IMAGE \ 8 download-to-cache Important: The NVIDIA API key must not be included in the AKS deployment manifests, as otherwise it would trigger outbound network calls that will fail in air‑gapped environments. The key is only required on the jump box during the download of the model artefacts. Since this shared folder is reachable from within the Jump box network and the isolated, air-gapped AKS cluster, the only thing we must do is pointing the NVIDIA NIM container to use the model weights found in the shared folder, and not to download it once the pod starts. It is important to note that the NVIDIA API key should not be part of the deployment script, since otherwise it will trigger an outbound connection to pull an image from the nvcr.io registry, which will fail in an air gapped environment. The service can be tested in a similar way as before. First, we need to find out the external service IP, which we will get via “kubectl get svc vllm-nim-llama3-service -o wide” and then interact with the service in the same way as before, adjusting to the new service IP address. A more detailed description of the implementation steps can be found in the attached repository: https://github.com/mocelj/aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment. Summary This document presents a practical guide for deploying LLM inferencing solutions in isolated Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) clusters. It outlines two deployment approaches: one where model weights and artifacts are pre-downloaded and stored in a shared folder accessible by both the jump box and cluster, and another using a shared NFS drive for storing downloaded resources. Both strategies enable secure, air-gapped deployments without relying on outbound internet access. For step-by-step instructions and further technical details, consult the referenced GitHub repository https://github.com/mocelj/aks-air-gap-vllm-deployment. For large‑scale or production deployments, more performant storage options—such as local NVMe or other high‑throughput solutions—can be explored; the services used in this guide are intentionally chosen to maximize clarity and reproducibility.Microsoft at NVIDIA GTC 2026
Microsoft returns to NVIDIA GTC 2026 in San Jose with a strong presence across conference sessions, in‑booth theater talks, live demos, and executive‑level ancillary events. Together with NVIDIA and our partner ecosystem, Microsoft is showcasing how Azure AI infrastructure enables AI training, inference, and production at global scale. Visit us at Booth #521 to see the latest innovations in action and connect with Azure and NVIDIA experts. Exclusive GTC Experiences LEGO® Datacenter Model Explore Azure AI infrastructure at the Park Container. Candy Lounge Visit the high-traffic candy wall for co-branded treats all day long. Networking Lounge Relax and recharge with comfy seating and vital charging options. Outdoor Juice Truck Free, refreshing beverages served during outdoor park hours. Sponsored Breakout Sessions Microsoft Featured Reinventing Semiconductor Design with Microsoft Discovery S82398 · Mon, Mar 16 · 4:00 PM Prashant Varshney Microsoft · Semiconductor & AI Engineering Abstract: Semiconductor teams face exploding design complexity and shrinking verification windows. This session shows how the Microsoft Discovery AI for Science platform, combined with Synopsys Agent Engineers, introduces an agentic approach to EDA that automates routine steps and accelerates expert decision-making on Azure. Microsoft Featured Operationalizing Agentic AI at Hyperscale S82399 · Tue, Mar 17 · 1:00 PM Nitin Nagarkatte Microsoft · Azure AI Infrastructure Anand Raman Microsoft · Azure AI Vipul Modi Microsoft · AI Systems Abstract: As enterprises move to agentic systems, the challenge shifts to operating intelligent agents reliably at scale. This session demonstrates how Microsoft builds AI Factories on Azure using NVIDIA technology and explores Microsoft Foundry as the control plane for deploying and operating coordinated AI agents. Live from GTC: AI Podcast Dayan Rodriguez Corporate Vice President Global Manufacturing and Mobility Alistair Spiers General Manager Azure Infrastructure Live Special Feature A conversation with Microsoft Azure Listen & Subscribe: aka.ms/GTC2026Podcast Scan to Listen Earned Conference Sessions Don't miss these high-impact sessions where Microsoft and NVIDIA leaders discuss the future of AI factories and infrastructure. Mon · Mar 16 5:00 PM Drive Optimal Tokens per Watt on AI Infrastructure Using Benchmarking Recipes Speakers: Paul Edwards, Emily Potyraj Microsoft, NVIDIA Tue · Mar 17 9:00 AM Autonomous AI Factories: Technical Preview of Agent-Native Production Speakers: JP Vasseur, César Martinez Spessot NVIDIA, Microsoft Research Tue · Mar 17 4:00 PM The Road to Intelligent Mobility: Vehicle GenAI Speakers: Raj Paul, Thomas Evans, Bryan Goodman Microsoft, NVIDIA, Bosch Wed · Mar 18 9:00 AM Supercharging AI with Multi-Gigawatt AI Factories Speakers: Gilad Shainer, Peter Salanki, Evan Burness NVIDIA, CoreWeave, Meta, Microsoft Daily Booth Theater Schedule Visit the Microsoft Theater for lightning talks from engineering leaders and partners. Monday, March 16 2:00 PM BTH208 · NVIDIA Accelerate AI Innovation on Azure with NVIDIA Run:ai — Rob Magno 2:30 PM BTH202 · General Robotics Models to Machines: Deploying Agentic AI in Real-World Robotics — Dinesh Narayanan 3:00 PM BTH200 · Fractal Analytics From Generalist to Enterprise-Ready: Fractal Builds Domain AI — C. Chaudhuri 3:30 PM BTH109 · Microsoft Agentic cloud ops - Smarter Operations with Azure Copilot — Jyoti Sharma 4:00 PM BTH103 · Microsoft Build a Deep Research Agent for Enterprise Data — D. Casati, A. Slutsky, H. Alkemade 4:30 PM BTH205 · NetApp Azure NetApp Files: Powering Your Data for AI Capabilities — Andy Chan 5:00 PM BTH207 · NVIDIA The Agentic Commerce Stack: Open Models on Azure — Antonio Martinez 5:30 PM BTH217 · OPAQUE Confidential AI on Azure Unlocks Sovereign AI at Scale — Aaron Fulkerson 6:00 PM BTH218 · Simplismart Making BYOC work at scale with modular inference — Amritanshu Jain 6:30 PM Expo Reception Tuesday, March 17 1:30 PM BTH100 · Microsoft From Open Weights to Enterprise Scale: Open-Source Models — Sharmila Chockalingam 2:00 PM BTH212 · Personal AI Unlocking the power of memory in Teams with Personal AI — Sam Harkness 2:30 PM BTH111 · Microsoft / NVIDIA Scalable LLM Inference on AKS Using NVIDIA Dynamo — Mohamad Al jazaery, Anton Slutsky 3:00 PM BTH204 · Mistral AI Innovate with Mistral AI on Microsoft Foundry — Ian Mathew 3:30 PM BTH104 · Microsoft GPU-Accelerated CFD at Scale: Star-CCM+ on Azure — Jason Scheffelmaer 4:00 PM BTH206 · NeuBird AI Agentic AI for Incident Response on Microsoft Azure — Grant Griffiths 4:30 PM BTH101 · GitHub Agentic DevOps: Evolving software with GitHub Copilot — Glenn Wester 5:00 PM BTH209 · Rescale Real-World AI Physics: GM & NVIDIA on Rescale — Dinal Perera 5:30 PM BTH107 · Microsoft Intro to LoRA Fine-Tuning on Azure — Christin Pohl 6:30 PM Raffle Wednesday, March 18 1:00 PM BTH219 · VAST Data Scaling AI Infrastructure on Azure with VAST Data — Jason Vallery 1:30 PM BTH110 · Microsoft Physical AI and Robotics: The Next Frontier — F. Miller, C. Souche, D. Narayanan 2:00 PM BTH105 · Microsoft Sovereign AI options with Azure Local — Kim Lam 2:30 PM BTH108 · Microsoft Automating HPC Workflows with Copilot Agents — Param Shah 3:00 PM BTH102 · Microsoft Trustworthy Multi-Agent Workflows with Microsoft Foundry — Brian Benz 4:00 PM BTH106 · Microsoft Scaling Enterprise AI on ARO with NVIDIA H100 & H200 — Lachie Evenson 4:30 PM BTH211 · WEKA Hybrid AI Data Orchestration with WEKA NeuralMesh™ — Desiree Campbell 5:00 PM BTH202 · Hammerspace NVIDIA AI Enterprise Software with NIM — Mike Bloom 5:30 PM BTH203 · Kinaxis Reimagining Global Supply Planning with Azure — Dane Henshall 6:00 PM BTH214 · AT&T Connected AI on Azure for Manufacturing — Brad Pritchett 6:30 PM Raffle Thursday, March 19 11:00 AM BTH210 · Wandelbots Physical AI: Powering Software-Defined Automation in Robotics — Marwin Kunz, Martin George 11:30 AM Raffle Explore Our Demo Pods Visit the Microsoft booth to see our technology in action with live demonstrations across four dedicated pod areas. POD 1 Azure AI Infrastructure End‑to‑end AI infrastructure for training and inference at scale, featuring the latest NVIDIA GPU integrations on Azure. POD 2 Microsoft Foundry Our comprehensive platform for building, deploying, and operating agentic AI systems with enterprise reliability. POD 3 Building AI Together Showcasing joint Microsoft and NVIDIA solutions across diverse industries, from manufacturing to retail. POD 4 Startups Powering AI Discover how innovative startups are running next‑generation AI workloads on the Azure platform. Ancillary Events & Networking Join Microsoft leadership and our partner ecosystem at these curated networking experiences. Click the location to view on Bing Maps. Sun · Mar 15 6:00 PM Microsoft for Startups Executive Leadership Dinner 📍 Morton’s Steakhouse, San Jose Exclusive gathering for startup leaders and Microsoft executives. Mon · Mar 16 1:30 PM Microsoft × NVIDIA Open Meet 📍 Signia by Hilton · International Suite Strategic alignment session for Microsoft and NVIDIA executives. Mon · Mar 16 7:30 PM Microsoft + NVIDIA Executive Dinner 📍 Il Fornaio, San Jose Executive dinner for key customers and leadership teams. Tue · Mar 17 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM Microsoft AI Luncheon: Research, Robotics, & Real‑World AI 📍 Signia by Hilton · International Suite Invite-only: A curated executive lunch exploring the journey from AI research to physical enterprise deployments in robotics and manufacturing. Tue · Mar 17 7:30 PM Networking in AI & Tech 📍 San Pedro Square Market Community networking mixer for Microsoft teams, partners, and customers. Wed · Mar 18 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM AI Innovator’s Circle Brunch: Powering Intelligent Systems Across the Ecosystem 📍 Il Fornaio, San Jose Hosted by Microsoft & NVIDIA at GTC. Join us for an exclusive brunch and discussion on the intelligent ecosystem.Azure Recognized as an NVIDIA Cloud Exemplar, Setting the Bar for AI Performance in the Cloud
As AI models continue to scale in size and complexity, cloud infrastructure must deliver more than theoretical peak performance. What matters in practice is reliable, end-to-end, workload-level AI performance—where compute, networking, system software, and optimization work together to deliver predictable, repeatable results at scale. This directly translates to business value: efficient full-stack infrastructure accelerates time-to-market, maximizes ROI on GPU and cloud investments, and enables organizations to scale AI from proof-of-concept to revenue-generating products with predictable economics. Today, Microsoft is proud to share an important milestone in partnership with NVIDIA: Azure has been validated as an NVIDIA Exemplar Cloud, becoming the first cloud provider recognized for Exemplar-class AI performance aligned with GB300-class (Blackwell generation) systems. This recognition builds on Azure’s previously validated Exemplar status for H100 training workloads and reflects NVIDIA’s confidence in Azure’s ability to extend that rigor and performance discipline into the next generation of AI platforms. What Is NVIDIA Exemplar Cloud? The NVIDIA Exemplar Cloud initiative celebrates cloud platforms that demonstrate robust end-to-end AI workload performance using NVIDIA’s Performance Benchmarking suite. Rather than relying on synthetic microbenchmarks, Performance Benchmarking evaluates real AI training workloads using: Large-scale LLM training scenarios Production-grade software stacks Optimized system and network configurations Workload-centric metrics such as throughput and time-to-train Achieving Exemplar validation signals that a provider can consistently deliver world-class AI performance in the cloud, showcasing that end users are getting optimal performance value by default. Proven Exemplar Validation on H100 Azure’s Exemplar Cloud journey began with publicly shared benchmarking results for H100-based training workloads, where Azure ND GPU clusters demonstrated exemplar performance using NVIDIA Performance Benchmarking recipes. Those results—published previously and validated through NVIDIA’s benchmarking framework—established a proven foundation of end-to-end AI performance for large-scale, production workloads running on Azure today. Extending Exemplar-Class AI Performance to GB300-Class Platforms Building on the rigor and learnings from H100 validation, Microsoft has now been recognized by NVIDIA as the first cloud provider to achieve Exemplar-class performance and readiness aligned with GB300-class systems. This designation reflects NVIDIA’s assessment that the same principles applied to H100—including end-to-end system tuning, networking optimization, and software alignment—are being successfully carried forward into the Blackwell generation. Rather than treating GB300 as a point solution, Azure approaches it as a continuation of a proven performance model: delivering consistent world-class AI performance in the cloud while preserving the flexibility, elasticity, and global scale customers expect. What Enables Exemplar-Class AI Performance on Azure Delivering Exemplar-class AI performance requires optimization across the full AI stack: Infrastructure and Networking High-performance Azure ND GPU clusters with NVIDIA InfiniBand NUMA-aware CPU, GPU, and NIC alignment to minimize latency Tuned NCCL communication paths for efficient multi-GPU scaling Software and System Optimization Tight integration with NVIDIA software, including Performance Benchmarking recipes and NVIDIA AI Enterprise Parallelism strategies aligned with large-scale LLM training Continuous tuning as models, workloads, and system architectures evolve End-to-End Workload Focus Measuring real training performance, not isolated component metrics Driving repeatable improvements in application-level throughput and efficiency Closing the performance gap between cloud and on-premises systems—without sacrificing manageability Together, these capabilities enabled Azure to deliver consistent Exemplar-class AI performance across generations of NVIDIA platforms. What This Means for Customers For customers training and deploying advanced AI models, this milestone delivers clear benefits: World-class AI performance in a fully managed cloud environment Predictable scaling from small clusters to thousands of GPUs Faster time to train and improved performance per dollar Confidence that Azure is ready for Blackwell-class and GB300-class AI workloads As AI workloads become more complex and reasoning-heavy, infrastructure performance increasingly determines outcomes. Azure’s NVIDIA Cloud Exemplar recognition provides a clear signal: customers can build and scale next-generation AI systems on Azure without compromising on performance. Learn More DGX Cloud Benchmarking on Azure DGX Cloud Benchmarking on Azure | Microsoft Community HubComprehensive Nvidia GPU Monitoring for Azure N-Series VMs Using Telegraf with Azure Monitor
Unlocking Nvidia GPU Monitoring for Azure N-Series VMs with Telegraf and Azure Monitor. In the world of AI and HPC, optimizing GPU performance is critical for avoiding inefficiencies that can bottleneck workflows and drive up costs. While Azure Monitor tracks key resources like CPU and memory, it falls short in native GPU monitoring for Azure N-series VMs. Enter Telegraf—a powerful tool that integrates seamlessly with Azure Monitor to bridge this gap. In this blog, discover how to harness Telegraf for comprehensive GPU monitoring and ensure your GPUs perform at peak efficiency in the cloud.Scaling physics-based digital twins: Neural Concept on Azure delivers a New Record in Industrial AI
Automotive Design and the DrivAerNet++ Benchmark In automotive design, external aerodynamics have a direct impact on performance, energy efficiency, and development cost. Even small reductions in drag can translate into significant fuel savings or extended EV range. As development timelines accelerate, engineering teams increasingly rely on data-driven methods to augment or replace traditional CFD workflows. MIT’s DrivAerNet++ dataset is the largest open multimodal dataset for automotive aerodynamics, offering a large-scale benchmark for evaluating learning-based approaches that capture the physical signals required by engineers. It includes 8,000 vehicle geometries across 3 variants (fastback, notchback and estate-back) and aggregates 39 TB of high-fidelity CFD outputs such as surface pressure, wall shear stress, volumetric flow fields, and drag coefficients. Benchmark Highlights Neural Concept trained its geometry-native Geometric Regressor, designed to handle any type of engineering data. The benchmark was executed on Azure HPC infrastructure to evaluate the capabilities of the geometry-native platform under transparent, scalable, and fully reproducible conditions. Surface pressure: Lowest prediction error recorded on the benchmark, revealing where high- and low-pressure zones form. Wall shear stress: Outperforming all competing methods to detect flow attachment and separation for drag and stability control. Volumetric velocity field: More than 50% lower error than previous best, capturing full flow structure for wake stability analysis. Drag coefficient Cd: R² of 0.978 on the test set, accurate enough for early design screening without full CFD runs. Dataset Scale and Ingestion: 39 TB of data was ingested into Neural Concept’s platform through a parallel conversion task with 128 workers and 5 GB RAM each that finished in about 1 hour and produced a compact 3 TB dataset in the platform’s native format. Data Pre Processing: Pre-processing the dataset required both large-scale parallelization and the application of our domain-specific best practices for handling external aerodynamics workflows. Model Training and Deployment: Training completed in 24 hours on 4 A100 GPUs, with the best model obtained after 16 hours. The final model is compact and real-time predictions can be served on a single 16 GB GPU for industrial use. Neural Concept outperformed all other competing methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance prediction on all metrics and physical quantities within a week: “Neural Concept’s breakthrough demonstrates the power of combining advanced AI with the scalability of Microsoft Azure,” said Jack Kabat, Partner, Azure HPC and AI Infrastructure Products, Microsoft. “By running training and deployment on Azure’s high-performance infrastructure — specifically the NC A100 Virtual Machine— Neural Concept was able to transform 39 terabytes of data into a production-ready workflow in just one week. This shows how Azure accelerates innovation and helps automotive manufacturers bring better products to market faster.” For additional benchmark metrics and comparisons, please refer to the Detailed Quantitative Results section at the end of the article. From State-Of-The-Art Benchmark Accuracy to Proven Industrial Impact Model accuracy alone is necessary, but not sufficient for industrial impact. Transformative gains at scale and over time are only revealed once high-performing models are deployed into maintainable and repeatable workflows across organizations. Customers using Neural Concept’s platform have achieved: 30% shorter design cycles $20M in savings on a 100,000-unit vehicle program These outcomes fundamentally result from a transformed, systematic approach to design, unlocking better and faster data-driven decisions. The Design Lab interface, described in the next section, is at the core of this transformation. Within Neural Concept’s ecosystem, validated geometry and physics models can be deployed directly into the Design Lab - a collaborative environment where aerodynamicists and designers evaluate concepts in real time. AI copilots provide instant performance feedback, geometry-aware improvement suggestions, and live KPI updates, effectively reconnecting aerodynamic analysis with the pace of modern vehicle design. CES 2026: See how OEMs are transforming product development with Engineering Intelligence Neural Concept and Microsoft will showcase how AI-native aerodynamic workflows can reshape vehicle development — from real-time design exploration to enterprise-scale deployment. Visit the Microsoft booth to see DrivAerNet++ running on Azure HPC and meet the teams shaping the future of automotive engineering. Visit Microsoft Booth to find out more Neural Concept’s executive team will also be at CES to share flagship results achieved by leading OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers already using the platform in production. Learn more on: https://www.neuralconcept.com/ces-2026 Credits Microsoft: Hugo Meiland (Principal Program Manager), Guy Bursell (Director Business Strategy, Manufacturing), Fernando Aznar Cornejo (Product Marketing Manager) and Dr. Lukasz Miroslaw (Sr. Industry Advisor) Neural Concept: Theophile Allard (CTO), Benoit Guillard (Senior ML Research Scientist), Alexander Gorgin (Product Marketing Engineer), Konstantinos Samaras-Tsakiris (Software Engineer) Detailed Quantitative Results In the sections that follow, we share the results obtained by applying Neural Concept’s aerodynamics predictive model training template to Drivaernet++. We evaluated our model’s prediction errors using the official train/test split and the standard evaluation strategy. For comparison, metrics from other methods were taken from the public leaderboard. We reported both Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) to quantify prediction accuracy. Lower values for either metric indicate closer agreement with the ground truth simulations, meaning better predictions. 1. Surface Field Predictions: Pressure and Wall Shear Stress We began by evaluating predictions for the two physical quantities defined on the vehicle surface. Surface Pressure The Geometric Regressor achieved substantially better performance than all existing methods in predicting surface pressure distribution. Rank Deep Learning Model MSE (*10-2, lower = better) MAE (*10-1, lower = better) #1 Neural Concept 3.98 1.08 #2 GAOT (May 2025) 4.94 1.10 #3 FIGConvNet (February 2025) 4.99 1.22 #4 TripNet (March 2025) 5.14 1.25 #5 RegDGCNN (June 2024) 8.29 1.61 Table 1: Neural Concept’s Geometric Regressor predicts surface pressure more accurately than previously published state-of-the-art methods. The dates indicate when the competing model architectures were published. Figure 1: Side-by-side comparison of the ground truth pressure field (left), Neural Concept model’s prediction (middle), and the corresponding error for a representative test sample (right). Wall Shear Stress Similarly, the model delivered top-tier results, outperforming all competing methods. Rank Deep Learning Model MSE (*10 -2 , lower = better) MAE (*10 -1 , lower = better) #1 Neural Concept 7.80 1.44 #2 GAOT (May 2025) 8.74 1.57 #3 TripNet (March 2025) 9.52 2.15 #4 FIGConvNet (Feb. 2025) 9.86 2.22 #5 RegDGCNN (June 2024) 13.82 3.64 Table 2: Neural Concept’s Geometric Regressor predicts wall shear stress more accurately than previously published state-of-the-art methods. Figure 2: Side-by-side comparison of the ground truth magnitude of the wall shear stress, Neural Concept model’s prediction, and the corresponding error for a representative test sample. Across both surface fields (pressure and wall shear stress), the Geometric Regressor achieved the lowest MSE and MAE by a clear margin. The baseline methods represent several high-quality and recent academic work (the earliest being from June 2024), yet our architecture established a new state-of-the-art in predictive performance. 2. Volumetric Predictions: Velocity Beyond surface quantities, DrivAerNet++ provides 3D velocity fields in the flow volume surrounding the vehicle, which we also predicted using the Geometric Regressor. Rank Deep Learning Model MSE (lower = better) MAE (*10 -1 , lower = better) #1 Neural Concept 3.11 9.22 #2 TripNet (March 2025) 6.71 15.2 Table 3: Neural Concept’s Geometric Regressor predicts velocity more accurately than the previously published state-of-the-art method. The illustration below shows the velocity magnitude for two test samples. Note that only a single 2D slice of the 3D volumetric domain is shown here, focusing on the wake region behind the car. In practice, the network predicts velocity at any location within the full 3D domain, not just on this slice. Figure 3: Velocity magnitude for two test samples, arranged in two columns (left and right). For each sample, the top row displays the simulated velocity field, the middle row shows the prediction from the network, and the bottom row presents the error between the two. 3. Scalar Predictions: Drag Coefficient The drag coefficient (Cd) is the most critical parameter in automotive aerodynamics, as reducing it directly translates to lower fuel consumption in combustion vehicles and increased range in electric vehicles. Using the same underlying architecture, our model achieved state-of-the-art performance in Cd prediction. In addition to MSE and MAE, we reported the Maximum Absolute Error (Max AE) to reflect worst-case accuracy. We also included the Coefficient of Determination (R² score), which measures the proportion of variance explained by the model. An R² value of 1 indicates a perfect fit to the target data. Rank Deep Learning Model MSE (*1e-5) MAE (*1e-3) Max AE (*1e-2) R² #1 Neural Concept 0.8 2.22 1.13 0.978 #2 TripNet 9.1 7.19 7.70 0.957 #3 PointNet 14.9 9.60 12.45 0.643 #4 RegDGCNN 14.2 9.31 12.79 0.641 #5 GCNN 17.1 10.43 15.03 0.596 On the official split, the model shows tight agreement with CFD (R² of 0.978) across the test set, which is sufficient for early design screening where engineers need to rank variants confidently and spot meaningful gains without running full simulations for every change. 4. Compute Efficiency and Azure HPC&AI Collaboration Executing the full DrivAerNet++ benchmark at industrial scale required Neural Concept’s full software and infrastructure stack combined with seamless cloud integration on Microsoft Azure to dynamically scale computing resources on demand. The entire pipeline runs natively on Microsoft Azure and can scale within minutes, allowing us to process new industrial datasets that contain thousands of geometries without complex capacity planning. Dataset Scale and Ingestion DrivAerNet++ dataset contains 8000 car designs along with their corresponding CFD simulations. The raw dataset occupies approximately 39TB of storage. Generating the simulations required a total of about 3 million CPU hours by MIT’s DeCoDE Lab. Ingestion into Neural Concept’s platform is the first step of the pipeline. To convert the raw data into the platform’s native format, we use a Conversion task that transforms raw files into the platform’s optimized native format. This task was parallelized with 128 workers; each allocated 5 GB of RAM. As a result, the entire conversion process was completed in approximately one hour only. After converting the relevant data (car geometry, wall shear stress, pressure, and velocity), the full dataset occupies approximately 3 TB in Neural Concept’s native format. Data Pre-Processing Pre-processing the dataset required both large-scale parallelization and the application of our domain-specific best practices. During this phase, workloads were distributed across multiple compute nodes with peak memory usage reaching approximately 1.5 TB of RAM. The pre-processing pipeline consists of two main stages. In the first stage, we repaired the car meshes and pre-computed geometric features needed for training. The second stage involved filtering the volumetric domain and re-sampling points to follow a spatial distribution that is more efficient for training our deep learning model. We scaled the compute resources so that each of the two stages in the pipeline completes in 1 to 3 hours when processing the full dataset. The first stage is the most computationally intensive. To handle it efficiently, we parallelized the task across 256 independent workers, each allocated 6 GB of RAM. Model Training and Deployment While we use state-of-the-art hardware for training, our performance gains come primarily from model design. Once trained, the model remains lightweight and cost-effective to run. Training was performed on Azure Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4 node, which provided access to four A100 GPUs, each with 80 GB of memory. The model was trained for approximately 24 hours. Neural Concept’s Geometric Regressor achieved the best reported performance on the official benchmark for surface pressure, wall shear stress, volumetric velocity and drag prediction.
