Build a Local Microsoft Sentinel Triage Agent in VS Code (Copilot + MCP)
Modern SOC work is not limited by data—it’s limited by the friction of collecting it. This post shows a local-first workflow that lets you investigate Microsoft Sentinel incidents from inside VS Code using GitHub Copilot Chat for reasoning and a small, deterministic MCP toolset for evidence retrieval and (optionally) approval-gated writeback. What you’ll take away: How to structure a Copilot + MCP triage loop that stays grounded in Azure evidence A reliability pattern: fall back to KQL when Sentinel subresource APIs are flaky A safety pattern: draft-first, explicit-approval writeback for incident comments Why This Exists Sentinel triage is powerful but fragmented: you jump between the portal, KQL, entity pivots, and case notes just to answer “what happened?” The goal here is to collapse that into a single, repeatable loop inside the editor. Resolve the incident and pull the underlying alerts/entities Pivot into AzureActivity (and other logs) to identify the actor and outcome Use threat intelligence (TI) for context—not as the decision Generate an evidence-backed narrative and draft comment; write back only on explicit approval Design Principles Evidence first: every claim must be traceable to Sentinel APIs or Log Analytics results Small tool surface: fewer tools, clearer prompting, easier hardening Reliability by design: if one API path fails, pivot to KQL and continue Safety boundary: investigation and writeback are separate, and writeback is approval-gated Architecture & Data Flow A local TypeScript MCP server exposes a handful of triage tools to Copilot Chat in VS Code. Reads come from Sentinel + Log Analytics; writes (incident comments) are optional and require explicit approval. Copilot Chat (VS Code) decides the next step and summarizes outputs MCP server executes allowed tools: incident lookup, alert/entity retrieval, KQL queries, optional comment writeback Evidence sources: Sentinel Incident APIs + Log Analytics tables (SecurityIncident, SecurityAlert, AzureActivity, TI tables) Safety gate: writeback happens only after explicit approval; otherwise you get a draft Tool Surface MCP is useful here because it separates reasoning from execution: Copilot can decide what to do, but only the MCP server can do it—and only through tools you explicitly define and can audit. list_incidents / get_incident (ground the case) get_incident_alerts / get_incident_entities (fast path) run_incident_kql (reliable fallback + pivots) add_incident_comment (draft-first; writes only with approval) The Investigation Loop (3 Steps) Prompt used sentinel-triage-local Investigate Sentinel incident 1478 end to end in workspace Subscription ID/Resource Group/Workspace Name. Resolve the incident ID first, collect underlying alerts and entities, enrich with AzureActivity and TI, determine whether the activity is malicious or benign, and return: 1. Investigation summary 2. Key evidence 3. Entity analysis 4. TI enrichment result 5. Risk assessment 6. Recommended disposition 7. Final incident comment draft Rules: - Use tool output only, no guessing. - If alert/entity subresource APIs fail, pivot to KQL and continue. - Do not submit the comment unless I explicitly say: APPROVE COMMENT. 1) Ground the incident Resolve the human-friendly incident number to the Sentinel incident resource ID, then capture the metadata you need to drive every later pivot. Incident numbers are convenient for analysts, but the actual investigation flow depends on the underlying incident resource ID. Resolving that first gives the workflow a concrete anchor for: Title Severity Owner Status Alert count Analytic rule IDs Incident URL This gives you the stable identifiers (and the URL) needed to retrieve alerts, entities, and supporting logs. 2) Collect alerts and entities (fast path) Pull the alerts behind the incident and the entities they reference. When the incident subresource APIs behave, this is the fastest way to assemble the working set. In the ideal path, the agent can call the incident alert and entity subresources directly. That gives fast access to: Alert IDs Alert names Timestamps Severities Entities Provider metadata 3) Stay reliable: pivot to KQL when APIs fail In real environments, the incident subresource APIs for alerts/entities are not always dependable. When they fail, the workflow switches to Log Analytics and reconstructs the same evidence via KQL—so the investigation continues. SecurityIncident to recover the incident record and alert IDs SecurityAlert to retrieve alert details and entities AzureActivity to determine who or what performed the operation ThreatIntelligenceIndicator and ThreatIntelIndicators for enrichment The High-Signal Pivot: AzureActivity In the incidents I tested, AzureActivity was the fastest way to classify “suspicious deployment” alerts: it tells you who did the action, what operation ran, and whether it succeeded. The evidence showed: The caller was a single Microsoft Entra ID object ID Claims_d.idtyp = "app" Authorization_d.evidence.principalType = "ServicePrincipal" The activity was tied to a policy assignment The operation was MICROSOFT.RESOURCES/DEPLOYMENTS/WRITE The result was BadRequest with InvalidTemplate That pattern typically points to automation (service principal + policy-driven deployment) failing due to a bad template—not an interactive attacker. Threat Intelligence: Use It as Context Enrich observables against TI, but treat it as corroboration: a hit is not proof, and a miss is not a clean bill of health. In my test runs, TI mainly helped refine confidence after AzureActivity and alert evidence established the likely story. Output: An Evidence-Backed Narrative (and a Draft Comment) Once the tools return results, Copilot’s job is synthesis: turn structured evidence into a short narrative an analyst can paste into the case. What happened, who/what triggered it, and whether it succeeded Key supporting evidence (alerts, entities, AzureActivity pivots, TI context) A recommended disposition and a draft incident comment Incident comment written back automatically (after approval) (screenshot): Safety + Reliability: Approval-Gated Writeback The agent can draft a comment automatically, but it cannot change incident state unless the analyst explicitly approves. That boundary is what makes the workflow usable in real operations. After approval, the tool submits the drafted comment directly to the Sentinel incident so the portal reflects the same evidence-backed narrative. Default: return the draft comment only On approval: acquire an ARM token via Azure CLI and submit via curl.exe (hardened with validation + retries) Why This Is Worth Building Less context switching: investigation happens where you already work More consistency: the same loop runs every time, with deterministic tools Better classification: AzureActivity pivots reduce false “user did X” assumptions Safer automation: drafts are automatic; writes are explicit and auditable Conclusion AI is most useful in a SOC when it is constrained: deterministic tools fetch the evidence, the model synthesizes it, and humans keep control of state changes. A local Copilot + MCP workflow hits that sweet spot—faster triage for the SOC analysts.Bulk enable Azure Arc Connected Machine Agent Automatic Upgrade (Tag Scoped) with Azure Cloud Shell
Overview Keeping the Azure Arc Connected Machine agent current is a foundational hygiene task for any hybrid server estate, especially when you’re operating at scale and onboarding hundreds (or thousands) of machines into Arc. The good news: Azure Arc supports an automatic agent upgrade (preview) capability that can be enabled per Arc machine by setting the agentUpgrade.enableAutomaticUpgrade property via Azure Resource Manager (ARM). Microsoft’s public guidance shows enabling this using a PATCH call (via Invoke-AzRestMethod) against the Arc machine resource with the 2024-05-20-preview API version. Manage and maintain the Azure Connected Machine agent - Azure Arc | Microsoft Learn In real environments, you rarely want to enable this across every Arc-enabled server in one shot. Instead, you typically: start with a pilot ring (e.g., Dev/Test or low‑risk servers), validate results, and then expand coverage gradually. The Script: Abhishek-Sharan/ExtensionManagement: Install & Manage Extensions The script implements exactly that approach by: prompting an explicit disclaimer acknowledgement (safety gate), selecting Arc machines by tag (a controlled blast-radius technique), enabling automatic upgrade using ARM PATCH through Invoke-AzRestMethod, producing a final summary report of success/failure per machine. This post walks through what the script does, why each section exists, and what to consider before using it in production. Why Tag‑Scoped Enablement? In many enterprise deployments, tags are the simplest way to define a “ring” of servers: Ring=Pilot Environment=NonProd Workload=LowRisk This script discovers resources of type Microsoft.HybridCompute machines in a given resource group and filters them by a tag/value pair. That makes it easy to: onboard machines first, apply tags as part of provisioning, then flip on agent auto-upgrade only for the right cohort. Script Details (Walkthrough) 1) Safety Gate: Disclaimer + Explicit User Consent This script prints a disclaimer block and requires the operator to type Y to proceed. If the user types anything else, the script exits. Why it matters: It prevents accidental execution (especially in shared shells or jump boxes). It reinforces that this is a potentially impactful change across multiple machines. 2) Configuration: Subscription, Resource Group, and Tag Scope The script sets the active Azure context: Set-AzContext -Subscription "YOUR SUBSCRIPTION" Then defines: $resourceGroup $tagName, $tagValue 3) Discovery: Find Azure Arc Machines with a Target Tag Discovery uses: Get-AzResource -ResourceType "Microsoft.HybridCompute/machines" filters by tag match on the returned resource object. This ensures you are only targeting Arc-enabled servers represented as Microsoft.HybridCompute machines resources. If no machines are found, the script exits cleanly, which avoids the “silent no-op” problem and helps operators quickly validate that scope selection is correct. 4) Update: Enable Automatic Upgrade via ARM PATCH For each machine, the script uses Invoke-AzRestMethod with: ResourceProviderName = "Microsoft.HybridCompute" ResourceType = "Machines" ApiVersion = "2024-05-20-preview" Method = "PATCH" payload: {"properties":{"agentUpgrade":{"enableAutomaticUpgrade":true}}} 5) Output: Per‑Machine Result + Final Summary Table The script records results into an array of PSCustomObject entries with: MachineName EnableAutomaticUpgrade Result (Success/Failed) Then prints a formatted table. This is useful for: quick operator confirmation, change records, attaching output to internal work items / change tickets. Conclusion This script is a solid operational accelerant for teams managing Arc-enabled servers at scale. It combines: safety (explicit disclaimer + opt-in), control (tag-based targeting), automation (bulk enabling via ARM PATCH), observability (clear per-server results and a final summary). If you’re trying to standardize operational hygiene across hundreds of Arc machines, tag-scoped enablement like this is one of the cleanest ways to start small, learn safely, and then scale.Bulk Device Tagging in MDE: PowerShell & API Approach
Effective device management is critical for ensuring security hygiene and maintaining operational agility within enterprise environments. In Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (MDE), device tagging plays a key role by enabling logical grouping, targeted policy application, efficient incident response, compliance tracking, and automation. It elevates device management from a manual, error-prone process to a scalable, context-aware workflow that aligns with both security and operational objectives. This guide presents a streamlined method for bulk tagging devices in MDE using the API and PowerShell automation. By following the outlined steps, security teams can automate the tagging process, minimize manual work, and maintain consistent device categorization to support compliance, reporting, and policy enforcement. Objective Use Microsoft Defender for Endpoint API to add tags for multiple devices efficiently. Step 1: Create App Registration in Entra ID Go to Entra ID (Azure Active Directory) → App registrations → New registration. Enter: Name: e.g., MDE-Auto-Tagging. Supported account types: Choose Single tenant (or multi-tenant if required). Redirect URI: Leave blank for now (not needed for client credentials flow). Click Register. Note down: Application (Client) ID Directory (Tenant) ID Step 2: Create Client Secret In the registered app → Certificates & secrets → New client secret. Add description and expiry (e.g., 6 months or 12 months). Copy the Value immediately (you won’t see it again). Step 3: Assign API Permissions In the app → API permissions → Add a permission. Select: APIs my organisation uses → Search for WindowsDefenderATP. Choose: Machine.ReadWrite.All (required for tagging). Application permissions → Expand Machine → Select: Click Add permissions. Grant admin consent for your organisation. Step 4: Validate Permissions Ensure status shows Granted for . (as shown below) If not, click Grant admin consent again. Step 5: Use PowerShell Script to apply tags to multiple devices Please review the PowerShell script hosted here: Microsoft-Unified-Security-Operations-Platform/Microsoft Defender for Endpoint/AddBulkTags.ps1 at main · Abhishek-Sharan/Microsoft-Unified-Security-Operations-Platform This script: Fetches Bearer token using Client ID, Tenant ID, and Client Secret. Reads Device IDs from CSV. Applies tags to each device via Defender API. How to Run (I am using Azure Shell for demo) Update the script with: $TenantId, $ClientId, $ClientSecret and Tag Value Path to your CSV file containing DeviceId. Upload MachineIDs.csv in Azure Shell, template shown below (line 2 and 3 are DeviceIDs) Upload the PowerShell script in Azure Shell as well Execute the PowerShell script, read the Disclaimer and provide your consent for further execution if you’re comfortable As shown below, it will apply the tags. Step 6: Validate tags Go to Devices page and check if the tags are applied or not. Security Best Practices Rotate client secrets regularly. Restrict app permissions to only what’s needed. Store secrets securely (e.g., Azure Key Vault). By implementing this automated tagging workflow, organisations can significantly simplify device management within MDE. Regularly rotating client secrets, restricting app permissions, and securely storing credentials are recommended best practices to maintain a robust security posture. With PowerShell automation and API integration, bulk tagging becomes a scalable solution—enabling teams to efficiently update device tags and leverage exclusion lists, ultimately saving time and reducing operational overhead. Reference Documentation: Add or remove a tag for multiple machines - Microsoft Defender for Endpoint | Microsoft LearnOptimize Azure Log Costs: Split Tables and Use the Auxiliary Tier with DCR
This blog is continuation of my previous blog where I discussed about saving ingestion costs by splitting logs into multiple tables and opting for the basic tier! Now that the transformation feature for Auxiliary logs has entered Public Preview stage, I’ll take a deeper dive, showing how to implement transformations to split logs across tables and route some of them to the Auxiliary tier. A quick refresher: Azure Monitor offers several log plans which our customers can opt for depending on their use cases. These log plans include: Analytics Logs – This plan is designed for frequent, concurrent access and supports interactive usage by multiple users. This plan drives the features in Azure Monitor Insights and powers Microsoft Sentinel. It is designed to manage critical and frequently accessed logs optimized for dashboards, alerts, and business advanced queries. Basic Logs – Improved to support even richer troubleshooting and incident response with fast queries while saving costs. Now available with a longer retention period and the addition of KQL operators to aggregate and lookup. Auxiliary Logs – Our new, inexpensive log plan that enables ingestion and management of verbose logs needed for auditing and compliance scenarios. These may be queried with KQL on an infrequent basis and used to generate summaries. Following diagram provides detailed information about the log plans and their use cases: More details about Azure Monitor Logs can be found here: Azure Monitor Logs - Azure Monitor | Microsoft Learn **Note** This blog will be focussed on switching to Auxiliary logs only. I would recommend going through our public documentation for detailed insights about feature-wise comparison for the log plans which should help you in taking right decisions for choosing the correct log plans. At this stage, I assume you’re aware about different log tiers that Azure Monitor offers and you’ve decided to switch to Auxiliary logs for high volume, low-fidelity logs. Let’s look at the high-level approach we’re going to follow to achieve this: Review the relevant tables and figure out which portion of the log can be moved to Auxiliary tier Create a DCR-based custom table which same schema as of the original table. For Ex. If you wish to split Syslog table and ingest a portion of the table into Auxiliary tier, then create a DCR-based custom table with same schema as of the Syslog table. At this point, switching table plan via UI is not possible, so I’d recommend using PowerShell script to create the DCR-based custom table. Once DCR-based custom table is created, implement DCR transformation to split the table. Configure total retention period of the Auxiliary table (this configuration will be done while creating the table) Let’s get started Use Case: In this demo, I’ll split Syslog table and route “Informational” logs to the Auxiliary table. Creating a DCR-based custom table: Previously a complex task, creating custom tables is now easy, thanks to a PowerShell script by MarkoLauren. Simply input the name of an existing table, and the script creates a DCR-based custom table with the same schema. Let’s see it in action now: Download the script locally. Update the resourceID details in this script and save it. Upload the updated script in Azure Shell. Load the file and enter the table name from which you wish to copy the schema. In my case, it's going to be "Syslog" table. Enter new table name, table type and total retention period, shown below: **Note** We highly recommend you review the PowerShell script thoroughly and do proper testing before executing it in production. We don't take any responsibility for the script. As you can see, Aux_Syslog_CL table has been created. Let’s validate in log analytics workspace > table section. Since the Auxiliary table has been created now, next step is to implement transformation logic at data collection rule level. The next step is to update the Data Collection Rule template to split the logs Since we already created custom table, we should create a transformation logic to split the Syslog table and route the logs with SeverityLevel “info” to the Auxiliary table. Let’s see how it works: Browse to Data Collection Rule blade. Open the DCR for Syslog table, click on Export template > Deploy > Edit Template as shown below: In the dataFlows section, I’ve created 2 streams for splitting the logs. Details about the streams as follows: 1 st Stream: It’s going to drop the Syslog messages where SeverityLevel is “info” and send rest of the logs to Syslog table. 2 nd Stream: It’s going to capture all Syslog messages where SeverityLevel is “info” and send the logs to Aux_Syslog_CL table. Save and deploy the updated template. Let’s see if it works as expected Browse to Azure > Microsoft Sentinel > Logs; and query the Auxiliary table to confirm if data is being ingested into this table. As we can see, the logs where SeverityLevel is “info” is being ingested in the Aux_Syslog_CL table and rest of the logs are flowing into Syslog table. Some nice cost savings are coming your way, hope this helps!Detecting and Alerting on MDE Sensor Health Transitions Using KQL and Logic Apps
Introduction Maintaining the health of Microsoft Defender for Endpoint (MDE) sensors is essential for ensuring continuous security visibility across your virtual machine (VM) infrastructure. When a sensor transitions from an "Active" to an "Inactive" state, it indicates a loss of telemetry from that device and potentially creating blind spots in your security posture. To proactively address this risk, it's important to detect these transitions promptly and alert your security team for timely remediation. This guide walks you through a practical approach to automate this process using a Kusto Query Language (KQL) script to identify sensor health state changes, and an Azure Logic App to trigger email alerts. By the end, you'll have a fully functional, automated monitoring solution that enhances your security operations with minimal manual effort. Why Monitoring MDE Sensor Health Transitions is Important Ensures Continuous Security Visibility MDE sensors provide critical telemetry data from endpoints. If a sensor becomes inactive, that device stops reporting, creating a blind spot in your security monitoring. Prevents Delayed Threat Detection Inactive sensors can delay the identification of malicious activity, giving attackers more time to operate undetected within your environment. Supports Effective Incident Response Without telemetry, incident investigations become harder and slower, reducing your ability to respond quickly and accurately to threats. Identifies Root Causes Early Monitoring transitions helps uncover underlying issues such as service disruptions, misconfigurations, or agent failures that may otherwise go unnoticed. Closes Security Gaps Proactively Early detection of inactive sensors allows teams to take corrective action before adversaries exploit the lapse in coverage. Enables Automation and Scalability Using KQL and Logic Apps automates the detection and alerting process, reducing manual effort and ensuring consistent monitoring across large environments. Improves Operational Efficiency Automated alerts reduce the need for manual checks, freeing up security teams to focus on higher-priority tasks. Strengthens Overall Security Posture Proactive monitoring and fast remediation contribute to a more resilient and secure infrastructure. Prerequisites MDE Enabled: Defender for Endpoint must be active and reporting on all relevant devices. Stream DeviceInfo table (from Defender XDR connector) in Microsoft Sentinel’s workspace: Required to run KQL queries and manage alerts. Log Analytics Workspace: To run the KQL query. Azure Subscription: Needed to create and manage Logic Apps. Permissions: Sufficient RBAC access to Logic Apps, Log Analytics, and email connectors. Email Connector Setup: Outlook, SendGrid, or similar must be configured in Logic Apps. Basic Knowledge: Familiarity with KQL and Logic App workflows is helpful. High-level summary of the Logic Apps flow for monitoring MDE sensor health transitions: Trigger: Recurrence The Logic App starts on a scheduled basis (e.g., weekly or daily or hourly) using a recurrence trigger. Action: Run KQL Query Executes a Kusto Query against the Log Analytics workspace to detect devices where the MDE sensor transitioned from Active to Inactive in the last 7 days. Condition (Optional): Check for Results Optionally checks if the query returned any results to avoid sending empty alerts. Action: Send Email Notification If results are found, an email is sent to the security team with details of the affected devices using dynamic content from the query output. Logic Apps Flow KQL Query to Detect Sensor Transitions Use the following KQL query in Microsoft Defender XDR or Microsoft Sentinel to identify VMs where the sensor health state changed from Active to Inactive in the last 7 days: let LookbackPeriod = 7d; let NeverActiveDevice = DeviceInfo | where TimeGenerated > ago(LookbackPeriod) | where OnboardingStatus == "Onboarded" | project DeviceName, DeviceId, TimeGenerated, SensorHealthState | summarize make_set(SensorHealthState) by DeviceId | where not(set_has_element(set_SensorHealthState, "Active")) | lookup kind=inner (DeviceInfo | project DeviceName, DeviceId, TimeGenerated, SensorHealthState) on DeviceId | summarize arg_max(TimeGenerated, *) by DeviceId; let PreviousActiveDevices = DeviceInfo | project DeviceName, DeviceId, TimeGenerated, SensorHealthState, OnboardingStatus | where TimeGenerated > ago(LookbackPeriod) | summarize arg_max(TimeGenerated, *) by DeviceId, SensorHealthState | sort by DeviceId asc, TimeGenerated asc | serialize | extend PrevState = prev(SensorHealthState) | extend PrevState_deviceId = prev(DeviceId) | where DeviceId == PrevState_deviceId | where PrevState == "Active" and SensorHealthState != "Active" | extend DaysInactive = datetime_diff('day', now(), TimeGenerated); union PreviousActiveDevices, NeverActiveDevice | project-reorder TimeGenerated, DeviceId, DeviceName, PrevState, SensorHealthState, DaysInactive | extend DaysInactive = iff(isnotempty(DaysInactive), tostring(DaysInactive), strcat("Not Active in ", toint(LookbackPeriod/1d), " days")) This KQL query does the following: Detects devices whose sensors have stopped functioning (changed from Active to Inactive) in the past 7 days. Provides the first time this happened for each affected device. It also tells you how long each device has been inactive. Sample Email for reference How This Helps the Security Team Maintains Endpoint Visibility Detects when devices stop reporting telemetry, helping prevent blind spots in threat detection. Enables Proactive Threat Management Identifies sensor health issues before they become security incidents, allowing early intervention. Reduces Manual Monitoring Effort Automates the detection and alerting process, freeing up analysts to focus on higher-priority tasks. Improves Incident Response Readiness Ensures all endpoints are actively monitored, which is critical for timely and accurate incident investigations. Supports Compliance and Audit Readiness Demonstrates continuous monitoring and control over endpoint health, which is often required for regulatory compliance. Prioritizes Remediation Efforts Provides a clear list of affected devices, helping teams focus on the most recent or longest inactive endpoints. Integrates with Existing Workflows Can be extended to trigger ticketing systems, remediation scripts, or SIEM alerts, enhancing operational efficiency. Conclusion By combining KQL analytics with Azure Logic Apps, you can automate the detection and notification of sensor health issues in your VM fleet, ensuring continuous security coverage and rapid response to potential risks.Using Microsoft Sentinel MCP Server with GitHub Copilot for AI-Powered Threat Hunting
Introduction This post walks through how to get started with the Microsoft Sentinel MCP Server and showcases a hands-on demo integrating with Visual Studio Code and GitHub Copilot. Using the MCP server, you can run natural language queries against Microsoft Sentinel’s security data lake, enabling faster investigations and simplified threat hunting using tools you already know. This blog includes a real-world prompt you can use in your own environment and highlights the power of AI-assisted security workflows. What is the Microsoft Sentinel MCP Server? The Model Context Protocol (MCP) allows AI models to access structured security data in a standard, context-aware way. The Sentinel MCP server connects to your Microsoft Sentinel data lake and enables tools like GitHub Copilot or Security Copilot to: Search security data using natural language Summarize findings and explain risks Build intelligent agents for security operations Prerequisites Make sure you have the following in place: Onboarded to Microsoft Sentinel Data Lake Assigned the Security Reader role Installed: Visual Studio Code GitHub Copilot extension (Optional) Security Copilot plugin if building agents Setting Up MCP Server in VS Code Step 1: Add the MCP Server In VS Code, press Ctrl + Shift + P Search for: MCP: Add Server Choose HTTP or Server-Sent Events Enter one of the following MCP endpoints: Use Case Endpoint Data Exploration https://sentinel.microsoft.com/mcp/data-exploration Agent Creation https://sentinel.microsoft.com/mcp/security-copilot-agent-creation Give the server a friendly name (e.g., Sentinel MCP Server) Choose whether to apply it to all workspaces or just the current one When prompted, Allow authentication using an account with Security Reader access Verify the Connection Open Chat: View > Chat or Ctrl + Alt + I Switch to Agent Mode Click the Configure Tools icon to ensure MCP tools are active Using GitHub Copilot + Sentinel MCP Once connected, you can use natural language prompts to pull insights from your Sentinel data lake without writing any KQL. Demo Prompt: 🔍 “Find the top three users that are at risk and explain why they are at risk.” This prompt is designed to: Identify the highest-risk users in your environment Explain the reasoning behind each user's risk status Help prioritize investigation and response efforts You can enter this prompt in either: VS Code Chat window (Agent Mode) Copilot inline prompt area Expected Behavior The MCP server will: Query multiple Microsoft Sentinel sources (Identity Protection, Defender for Identity, Sign-in logs) Correlate risk events (e.g., risky sign-ins, alerts, anomalies) Return a structured response with top users and risk explanation Sample Output from My Tenant Results Found: User 1: 233 risk score - 53 failed attempts from suspicious IPs User 2: 100% failure rate indicating service account compromise User 3: Admin account under targeted brute force attack This demo shows how the integration of Microsoft Sentinel MCP Server with GitHub Copilot and VS Code transforms complex security investigations into simple, conversational workflows. By leveraging natural language and AI-driven context, we can surface high-risk users, understand the underlying threats, and take action — all within a familiar development environment, and without writing a single line of KQL. More details here: What is Microsoft Sentinel’s support for MCP? (preview) - Microsoft Security | Microsoft Learn Get started with Microsoft Sentinel MCP server - Microsoft Security | Microsoft Learn Data exploration tool collection in Microsoft Sentinel MCP server - Microsoft Security | Microsoft LearnFrom Healthy to Unhealthy: Alerting on Defender for Cloud Recommendations with Logic Apps
In today's cloud-first environments, maintaining strong security posture requires not just visibility but real-time awareness of changes. This blog walks you through a practical solution to monitor and alert on Microsoft Defender for Cloud recommendations that transition from Healthy to Unhealthy status. By combining the power of Kusto Query Language (KQL) with the automation capabilities of Azure Logic Apps, you’ll learn how to: Query historical and current security recommendation states using KQL Detect resources that have degraded in compliance over the past 14 days Send automatic email alerts when issues are detected Customize the email content with HTML tables for easy readability Handle edge cases, like sending a “no issues found” email when nothing changes Whether you're a security engineer, cloud architect, or DevOps practitioner, this solution helps you close the gap between detection and response and ensure that no security regressions go unnoticed. Prerequisites Before implementing the monitoring and alerting solution described in this blog, ensure the following prerequisites are met: Microsoft Defender for Cloud is Enabled Defender for Cloud must be enabled on the target Azure subscriptions/management group. It should be actively monitoring your resources (VMs, SQL, App Services, etc.). Make sure the recommendations are getting generated. Continuous Export is Enabled for Security Recommendations Continuous export should be configured to send security recommendations to a Log Analytics workspace. This enables you to query historical recommendation state using KQL. You can configure continuous export by going to: Defender for Cloud → Environment settings → Select Subscription → Continuous Export Then enable export for Security Recommendations to your chosen Log Analytics workspace. Detailed guidance on setting up continuous export can be found here: Set up continuous export in the Azure portal - Microsoft Defender for Cloud | Microsoft Learn High-Level Summary of the Automation Flow This solution provides a fully automated way to track and alert on security posture regressions in Microsoft Defender for Cloud. By integrating KQL queries with Azure Logic Apps, you can stay informed whenever a resource's security recommendation changes from Healthy to Unhealthy. Here's how the flow works: Microsoft Defender for Cloud evaluates Azure resources and generates security recommendations based on best practices and potential vulnerabilities. These recommendations are continuously exported to a Log Analytics workspace, enabling historical analysis over time. A scheduled Logic App runs a KQL query that compares: Recommendations from ~14 days ago (baseline), With those from the last 7 days (current state). If any resources are found to have shifted from Healthy to Unhealthy, the Logic App: Formats the data into an HTML table, and Sends an email alert with the affected resource details and recommendation metadata. If no such changes are found, an optional email can be sent stating that all monitored resources remain compliant — providing peace of mind and audit trail coverage. This approach enables teams to proactively monitor security drift, reduce manual oversight, and ensure timely remediation of emerging security issues. Logic Apps Flow This Logic App is scheduled to trigger daily. It runs a KQL query against a Log Analytics workspace to identify resources that have changed from Healthy to Unhealthy status over the past two weeks. If such changes are detected, the results are formatted into an HTML table and emailed to the security team for review and action. KQL Query used here: // Get resources that are currently unhealthy within the last 7 days let now_unhealthy = SecurityRecommendation | where TimeGenerated > ago(7d) | where RecommendationState == "Unhealthy" // For each resource and recommendation, get the latest record | summarize arg_max(TimeGenerated, *) by AssessedResourceId, RecommendationDisplayName; // Get resources that were healthy approximately 14 days ago (between 12 and 14 days ago) let past_healthy = SecurityRecommendation | where TimeGenerated between (ago(14d) .. ago(12d)) | where RecommendationState == "Healthy" // For each resource and recommendation, get the latest record in that time window | summarize arg_max(TimeGenerated, *) by AssessedResourceId, RecommendationDisplayName; // Join current unhealthy resources with their healthy state 14 days ago now_unhealthy | join kind=inner past_healthy on AssessedResourceId, RecommendationDisplayName | project AssessedResourceId, // Unique ID of the assessed resource RecommendationDisplayName, // Name of the security recommendation RecommendationSeverity, // Severity level of the recommendation Description, // Description explaining the recommendation State_14DaysAgo = RecommendationState1,// Resource state about 14 days ago (should be "Healthy") State_Recent = RecommendationState, // Current resource state (should be "Unhealthy") Timestamp_14DaysAgo = TimeGenerated1, // Timestamp from ~14 days ago Timestamp_Recent = TimeGenerated // Most recent timestamp Once this logic app executes successfully, you’ll get an email as per your configuration. This email includes: A brief introduction explaining the situation. The number of affected recommendations. A formatted HTML table with detailed information: AssessedResourceId: The full Azure resource ID. RecommendationDisplayName: What Defender recommends (e.g., “Enable MFA”). Severity: Low, Medium, High. Description: What the recommendation means and why it matters. State_14DaysAgo: The previous (Healthy) state. State_Recent: The current (Unhealthy) state. Timestamps: When the states were recorded. Sample Email for reference: What the Security Team Can Do with It? Review the Impact Quickly identify which resources have degraded in security posture. Assess if the changes are critical (e.g., exposed VMs, missing patching). Prioritize Remediation Use the severity level to triage what needs immediate attention. Assign tasks to the right teams — infrastructure, app owners, etc. Correlate with Other Alerts Cross-check with Microsoft Sentinel, vulnerability scanners, or SIEM rules. Investigate whether these changes are expected, neglected, or malicious. Track and Document Use the email as a record of change in security posture. Log it in ticketing systems (like Jira or ServiceNow) manually or via integration. Optional Step: Initiate Remediation Playbooks Based on the resource type and issue, teams may: Enable security agents, Update configurations, Apply missing patches, Isolate the resource (if necessary). Automating alerts for resources that go from Healthy to Unhealthy in Defender for Cloud makes life a lot easier for security teams. It helps you catch issues early, act faster, and keep your cloud environment safe without constantly watching dashboards. Give this Logic App a try and see how much smoother your security monitoring and response can be! Access the JSON deployment file for this Logic App here: Microsoft-Unified-Security-Operations-Platform/Microsoft Defender for Cloud/ResourcesMovingFromHealthytoUnhealthyState/ARMTemplate-HealthytoUnhealthyResources(MDC).json at main · Abhishek-Sharan/Microsoft-Unified-Security-Operations-PlatformAutomate MDE Extension Status Checks with PowerShell
In this blog, I will dive into an automated approach for efficiently retrieving the installation status of MDE extensions (MDE.Windows or MDE.Linux) on Azure VMs safeguarded by Defender for Servers (P1 or P2) plans. This method not only streamlines the monitoring process but also ensures that your critical endpoints are continuously protected with the latest Defender capabilities. By leveraging automation, you can quickly identify any discrepancies or gaps in extension deployment, allowing for swift remediation and fortifying your organization’s security posture. Stay tuned as we explore how to seamlessly track the status of MDE extensions across your Azure VMs, ensuring robust and uninterrupted endpoint protection. Before we move forward, I’ll assume you’re already familiar with Defender for Servers’ powerful capability to automatically onboard protected servers to Microsoft Defender for Endpoint. This seamless integration ensures your endpoints are swiftly equipped with industry-leading threat protection, providing a crucial layer of defense without the need for manual intervention. With this foundation in place, we can now explore how to automate the process of monitoring and verifying the installation status of MDE extensions across your Azure VMs, ensuring your security remains proactive and uninterrupted. To provide some quick context, when the Defender for Servers (P1 or P2) plan is enabled in Microsoft Defender for Cloud, the "Endpoint Protection" feature is also enabled as per default configuration. With "Endpoint Protection" enabled, Microsoft Defender for Cloud deploys the MDE.Windows or MDE.Linux extension, depending on the operating system. These extensions play a crucial role in onboarding your Azure VMs to Microsoft Defender for Endpoint, ensuring they are continuously monitored and protected from emerging threats. However, there may be instances where the extensions fail to install on certain VMs due to various reasons. In these cases, it's crucial to identify the root cause of the failure in order to effectively plan and implement the necessary remediation actions. You can leverage Azure Resource Graph query or PowerShell to fetch this information. In this blog, we will focus on PowerShell approach to get the data. Let’s get started I’ve developed an interactive PowerShell script that allows you to easily retrieve data for MDE.Windows or MDE.Linux extensions. Below are the detailed steps to follow: Download the script locally from the GitHub Repo. Update the output file path as per your environment (line #84 in the script) and save the file. Sign-in to Azure Portal. Launch Cloud Shell. Upload the script in Cloud Shell that you’ve downloaded locally Load the uploaded script and read the “Disclaimer” section. If you agree then proceed further, if you disagree then type “no” and the script will terminate. The output is stored in CSV format, which you should download to further review the “Message” column detail. In “Manage Files” section, click on Download and provide the output file path to download the CSV report as shown below: Once the CSV file is downloaded, you can review the detailed information about the failure message of the extensions. Including the PowerShell script for reference: # Disclaimer Write-Host "************************* DISCLAIMER *************************" Write-Host "The author of this script provides it 'as is' without any guarantees or warranties of any kind." Write-Host "By using this script, you acknowledge that you are solely responsible for any damage, data loss, or other issues that may arise from its execution." Write-Host "It is your responsibility to thoroughly test the script in a controlled environment before deploying it in a production setting." Write-Host "The author will not be held liable for any consequences resulting from the use of this script. Use at your own risk." Write-Host "***************************************************************" Write-Host "" # Prompt the user for consent after displaying the disclaimer $consent = Read-Host -Prompt "Do you consent to proceed with the script? (Type 'yes' to continue)" # If the user does not consent, exit the script if ($consent -ne "yes") { Write-Host "You did not consent. Exiting the script." exit } # If consent is given, continue with the rest of the script Write-Host "Proceeding with the script..." # Get all VMs in the subscription $vms = Get-AzVM # Initialize an array to collect the output $outputData = @() # Loop through each VM and check extensions $vms | ForEach-Object { $vm = $_ # Get the VM status with extensions $vmStatus = Get-AzVM -ResourceGroupName $vm.ResourceGroupName -Name $vm.Name -Status $extensions = ($vmStatus).Extensions | Where-Object { $_.Name -eq "MDE.Windows" -or $_.Name -eq "MDE.Linux" } # Get the VM OS type (Windows/Linux) $osType = $vm.StorageProfile.OsDisk.OsType if ($extensions.Count -eq 0) { # If no MDE extensions found, append a message indicating they are missing $outputData += [PSCustomObject]@{ "Subscription Name" = (Get-AzContext).Subscription.Name "VM Name" = $vm.Name "VM OS" = $osType "Extension Name" = "MDE Extensions Missing" "Display Status" = "N/A" "Message" = "MDE.Windows or MDE.Linux extensions are missing." } } else { # Process the extensions if found $extensions | ForEach-Object { # Get the message and parse it into a single line $message = $_.Statuses.Message # Remove line breaks or newlines and replace them with spaces $singleLineMessage = $message -replace "`r`n|`n|`r", " " # If the message is JSON, we can parse it (optional) try { $parsedMessage = $singleLineMessage | ConvertFrom-Json # Convert the JSON back to a single-line string $singleLineMessage = $parsedMessage | ConvertTo-Json -Compress } catch { # If it's not JSON, keep the message as is } # Create a custom object for the table output with the single-line message $outputData += [PSCustomObject]@{ "Subscription Name" = (Get-AzContext).Subscription.Name "VM Name" = $vm.Name "VM OS" = $osType "Extension Name" = $_.Name "Display Status" = $_.Statuses.DisplayStatus "Message" = $singleLineMessage } } } } # Output to the console in a formatted table $outputData | Format-Table -Property "Subscription Name", "VM Name", "VM OS", "Extension Name", "Display Status", "Message" # Specify the CSV file path $csvFilePath = "/home/abhishek/MDEExtReport/mdeextreport_output.csv" # Update the path to where you want to store the CSV # Check if the directory exists $directory = [System.IO.Path]::GetDirectoryName($csvFilePath) if (-not (Test-Path -Path $directory)) { # Create the directory if it doesn't exist Write-Host "Directory does not exist. Creating directory: $directory" New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $directory } # Check if the file exists and create it if missing if (-not (Test-Path -Path $csvFilePath)) { Write-Host "File does not exist. Creating file: $csvFilePath" } # Save the output to a CSV file locally $outputData | Export-Csv -Path $csvFilePath -NoTypeInformation Write-Host "The report has been saved to: $csvFilePath" Disclaimer: The author of this script provides it 'as is' without any guarantees or warranties of any kind. By using this script, you acknowledge that you are solely responsible for any damage, data loss, or other issues that may arise from its execution. It is your responsibility to thoroughly test the script in a controlled environment before deploying it in a production setting. The author will not be held liable for any consequences resulting from the use of this script. Use at your own risk. I trust this script will significantly reduce the effort required to investigate the root cause of MDE extension installation failures, streamlining the troubleshooting process and enhancing operational efficiency.Ingesting custom application logs Text/JSON file to Microsoft Sentinel
This blog is in continuation to my previous blog on Demystifying Log Ingestion API where I discussed on ingesting custom log files to Microsoft Sentinel via Log Ingestion API approach. In this blog post I will delve into ingesting custom application logs in Text/JSON format to Microsoft Sentinel. Note: For my demo purposes I will use the log in JSON format. First, lets start with WHY is this important. Many applications and services will log information to a JSON/Text files instead of standard logging services such as Windows Event log or Syslog. There are several use cases where custom application logs are mandatory to be monitored and that’s why this integration becomes crucial part of SOC monitoring. How to implement this integration? Custom application logs in Text/JSON format can be collected with Azure Monitor Agent and stored in a Log Analytics workspace with data collected from other sources. There are two ways to do it: Creating DCR-based custom table and link it with Data Collection Rule and Data Collection Endpoint. Leverage Custom logs via AMA content hub solution. I will discuss both approaches in this blog. Let’s see it in action now. Leveraging DCR-based custom table to ingest custom application logs Using this approach, we will first create a DCR-based custom table and link it with DCR and DCE. Prerequisites for this approach: Log Analytics workspace where you have at least contributor rights. A data collection endpoint (DCE) in the same region as the Log Analytics workspace. See How to set up data collection endpoints based on your deployment for details. Either a new or existing DCR described in Collect data with Azure Monitor Agent. Basic Operations: The following diagram shows the basic operation of collecting log data from a json file. The agent watches for any log files that match a specified name pattern on the local disk. Each entry in the log is collected and sent to Azure Monitor. The incoming stream defined by the user is used to parse the log data into columns. A default transformation is used if the schema of the incoming stream matches the schema of the target table. Detailed steps as follows: Browse to Log Analytics Workspace > Settings > Tables > New custom log (DCR-based) Enter the table name, please note the suffix _CL will be automatically added. Use existing or create a new DCR and link a DCE. Upload the sample log file in JSON format to create table schema In my use case, I’ve created few columns like TimeGenerated, FilePath and Computer using the transformation query mentioned below: source | extend TimeGenerated = todatetime(Time), FilePath = tostring('C:\\Custom Application\\v.1.*.json'), Computer = tostring('DC-WinSrv22') Review and create the table. Go to the Data Collection Rule > Resources and Add the Application Server and link it with the DCE. If all configurations are correct, then in few minutes the data should populate in the custom table as shown below: Note: Ensure that the Application Server is reporting to the correct Log Analytics Workspace and the DCR, DCE are linked to the Server. Details of DCRs associated with a VM can be fetched from the following PowerShell Script: Get-AzDatacollectionRuleAssociation -TargetResourceId {ResourceID} Please note, 'Custom JSON log' data source configuration is currently unavailable through the Portal, you can use Azure CLI or ARM template for the configurations. However, ‘Custom Text Logs’ data source can be configured from Azure Portal (DCR>Data Sources) Leveraging Custom logs via AMA Data Connector We’ve recently released a content hub solution for ingesting custom logs via AMA. This approach is straightforward as the required columns like TimeGenerated and RawData gets created automatically. Detailed steps as follows: Browse to Microsoft Sentinel > Content Hub > Custom Logs AMA and install this solution Go to Manage > Open the connector page > Create Data Collection Rule Enter the Rule name, target VM and specify if you wish to create a new table. If so, provide a table name. You’ll also need to provide the file pattern (wildcards are supported) along with transformation logic (if applicable). In my use case, I am not using any transformation. Once DCR is created, wait for some time and validate if logs are streaming or not. If all the configurations are correct, then you’ll see the logs in the table as shown below: Please note, since we have used DCR-based custom tables we can switch the table plan to Basic if needed. Additionally, DCR-based custom tables support transformation so irrelevant data can be dropped or the incoming data can be split to multiple tables. References: Collect logs from a JSON file with Azure Monitor Agent - Azure Monitor | Microsoft Learn Collect logs from text files with the Azure Monitor Agent and ingest to Microsoft Sentinel - AMA | Microsoft Learn Demystifying Log Ingestion API | Microsoft Community Hub Save ingestion costs by splitting logs into multiple tables and opting for the basic tier! | Microsoft Community Hub Workspace & DCR Transformation Simplified | Microsoft Community Hub
