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Password-less FIDO2 Security Key Sign-in to Windows 10 HAADJ Devices","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:1434583"},"id":"message:1434583","revisionNum":16,"uid":1434583,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:CoreInfrastructureandSecurityBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:262070"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n Sign-in to Windows 10 devices using FIDO2 Security Keys and get seamless SSO to Azure and on-premises resources ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":120698},"postTime":"2020-06-03T06:42:11.086-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2020-06-03T07:12:49.466-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Hello everyone, my name is Liju and I am a Premier Field Engineer specializing in Active Directory and Azure AD. \n Fido2 support for single sign-on (SSO) was introduced first for cloud resources, and then expanded to include both cloud and on-premises resources. For both cases, you can use either Azure AD joined or Hybrid Azure AD joined Windows 10 devices. \n Earlier this year, I was involved in a proof-of concept for the more likely scenario, using FIDO2 security keys to log on to Windows 10 devices that were Hybrid Azure AD joined for SSO to both cloud and on-premises resources. Here are my notes from the field. \n \n 1 Overview \n \n 1.1 FIDO2 Security Keys \n For my testing and PoC, I used the Security Key from Yubico that supports FIDO2. This table lists other providers of similar FIDO2 keys. \n The FIDO2 specification comes from the Fast IDentity Online (FIDO) alliance and includes the W3C’s Web Authentication (WebAuthn) specification and FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP). \n While WebAuthN APIs are used by web applications to access FIDO2 services, CTAP is used by a hardware platform to access hardware authenticators. \n FIDO2 security keys provide strong password-less authentication with an optional PIN that serves as an additional factor. Within Azure active directory, successful authentication using security keys satisfy two-factor security verification and allow for password resets. \n As an alternative to keys that need to be inserted into USB ports, you can also purchase security keys that use Bluetooth Low Energy or NFC. \n \n 1.2 Azure AD Authentication using FIDO2 Security Keys \n \n During registration of the security key, your Windows 10 device creates a new key pair using public key cryptography. \n The public key is registered with Azure AD for your user account while the private key is stored on the security key. This key pair is unique for the security key and user. \n During authentication, Azure AD sends a challenge. \n The user supplies a gesture (PIN, touch, etc.) that unlocks the private key on the security key. Each security key may store multiple private keys, but only one PIN. \n This private key is used to sign the challenge and the resulting “signed assertion” is sent back to Azure AD. \n Azure AD verifies the signature of the assertion using the user’s stored public key and if valid, the user is deemed authenticated. \n \n \n 1.3 Extending AD DS for FIDO2 Security Keys \n As a pre-requisite to being able to authenticate using FIDO2 security keys and gaining single-sign on to on-premises resources, you will need to extend the on-premises Kerberos realm to Azure active directory. This is done by running the Set-AzureADKerberosServer cmdlet described later in the post. \n This creates a read-only domain controller object named AzureADKerberos and an associated Kerberos ticket-granting ticket user account, krbtgt_AzureAD. \n \n \n \n \n A key derived from the password of this TGT account is securely published to Azure AD. It is a good practice to reset the password of this and all krbtgt accounts on a regular schedule. To do this with the krbtgt_AzureAD account, use the Set-AzureADKerberosServer cmdlet with the -RotateServerKey switch. \n \n As with the default configuration of any RODC, built-in privileged groups are not allowed to have their passwords cached on this RODC object. \n \n \n \n What this means is that this authentication model will not apply to users who are members of the following groups: \n \n CN=Account Operators,CN=Builtin,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Server Operators,CN=Builtin,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Cert Publishers,CN=Users,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Schema Admins,CN=Users,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Domain Controllers,CN=Users,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Backup Operators,CN=Builtin,<Domain_DN> \n CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,<Domain_DN> \n \n \n 1.4 AD DS Authentication using FIDO2 Security Keys \n \n Device logons using FIDO2 security keys authenticate against Azure active directory. \n Upon successful authentication, Azure AD provides a Kerberos TGT for the user's on-premises AD domain, encrypted with the key derived from the password of the krbtgt_AzureAD account, along with an Azure AD Primary Refresh Token (PRT). \n The TGT is then exchanged for a fully formed TGT from an on-premises active directory domain controller. \n The client machine now has an Azure AD PRT and a full Active Directory TGT and can access both cloud and on-premises resources. For details on the authentication process, see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/howto-authentication-passwordless-security-key-on-premises#sso-to-on-premises-resources-using-fido2-keys \n \n \n 2 Limitations \n The information here is up to date as of May 2020. \n \n If you enroll multiple identities with a FIDO2 token, it will allow you to pick which identity to use when doing web authentication. If you take the same token and use it to logon a Windows 10 PC, it does not give you an option of which identity to use. It will automatically use the last registered FIDO2 identity on the token. \n FIDO2 security keys are not supported for authentication to Windows Servers \n Single sign-on using FIDO2 security keys is not supported for RDP yet. \n \n \n 3 Requirements \n \n Windows 10 devices v2004 20H1 release or later that are hybrid Azure active directory joined. \n \n \n \n Requires the latest version of AAD Connect, and fully patched Server 2016/2019 domain controllers. \n Initial setup for each user requires internet connectivity and connection to a domain controller. \n For uninterrupted access to domain resources, users logging on using security keys must have access to the internet at least once every 10 hours. \n Compatible FIDO2 security keys. Microsoft requires some optional extensions of the FIDO2 Client-to-Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) specification to be implemented by the security key to ensure compatibility. For more information see https://aka.ms/fido2securitykeys \n \n \n 4 Configuration \n \n 4.1 Enable the combined registration experience \n These steps allow for users to register one or more authentication methods (telephone, security key, authenticator app, etc.) and the methods for both Multi-Factor Authentication and self-service password reset (SSPR). Without this step, users will need to register for both separately, which may be confusing. \n \n \n Sign into the Azure portal as a user administrator or global administrator. \n Go to Azure Active Directory > User settings > Manage user feature preview settings.\n \n \n \n \n Under Users can use preview features for registering and managing security info, choose to enable for a Selected group of users or for All users.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Users can access manage mode by going to https://aka.ms/mysecurityinfo. From there, users can add methods, delete, or change existing methods. \n \n Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/concept-registration-mfa-sspr-combined \n \n 4.2 Enable FIDO2 security key method \n By default, FIDO2 security keys as an authentication method is not available to users of your Azure AD tenant. When enabling the option, you can choose to enable for all users or scope it to one or more groups. In the example shown, I scoped it to members of the FIDO2-Pilot-Users group \n \n \n Sign in to the Azure portal. \n Browse to Azure Active Directory > Security > Authentication methods > Authentication method policy (Preview).\n \n \n \n \n Under the method FIDO2 Security Key, choose the following options:\n \n Enable - Yes or No \n Target - All users or Select users \n \n \n Save the configuration.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/howto-authentication-passwordless-security-key#enable-fido2-security-key-method \n \n 4.3 User registration of FIDO2 security keys \n A user will first need to register a security key and add it as an authentication method in their security information page in Azure. \n \n Browse to https://aka.ms/mysecurityinfo \n Sign in if not already.\n \n If the user already has at least one Azure Multi-Factor Authentication method registered, they can immediately register a FIDO2 security key. \n If they don’t have at least one Azure Multi-Factor Authentication method registered, they must add one. The next few screenshots show a user attempting to add a security key but being required to add a phone authentication method first.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The following screenshots show adding a phone as an authentication factor for simplicity of the demo.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Add a FIDO2 Security key by clicking Add method and choosing Security key.\n \n \n \n \n \n Choose USB device or NFC device.\n \n \n \n \n Have your key ready and choose Next.\n \n \n \n \n A box will appear and ask the user to create/enter a PIN for your security key, then perform the required gesture for the key, either biometric or touch.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The user will be returned to the combined registration experience and asked to provide a meaningful name for the key so the user can identify which one if they have multiple. Click Next.\n \n \n \n \n Click Done to complete the process.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/howto-authentication-passwordless-security-key#user-registration-and-management-of-fido2-security-keys \n \n 4.4 Enabling FIDO2 security keys on Windows 10 devices. \n Before being able to log on to Windows 10 devices using FIDO2 security keys, you need to enable this functionality. There are several ways to do this. Here we will see two; you only need any one of the options. \n \n 4.4.1 Intune Identity Protection Device Configuration Profile \n \n Sign in to the Azure portal. \n Browse to Microsoft Intune > Device configuration > Profiles \n Create a Profile that enables security keys for sign-in \n \n \n \n Platform: Windows 10 and later \n Profile: Identity Protection \n Name: Security Keys for Sign-in (Identity Protection) (example) \n Description: Configure security keys as a sign-in option for Windows 10 devices. (example) \n Use security keys for sign-in: Enable \n Assign to: Selected groups (example) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Upon successful deployment, this sets the registry value on the device: HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Policies\\PassportForWork\\SecurityKey - UseSecurityKeyForSignIn (DWORD): 1 \n \n 4.4.2 Group Policy \n \n Create a Group Policy Object and configure the setting Computer Configuration \\ Administrative Templates \\ System \\ Logon \\ Turn on security key sign-in: Enabled \n \n This sets the registry value: HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\FIDO – EnableFIDODeviceLogon (DWORD): 1 \n \n \n Link the GPO to the OU that contain the Windows 10 device. \n \n \n Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/howto-authentication-passwordless-security-key-windows#enable-security-keys-for-windows-sign-in \n \n 4.5 Extending on-premises Kerberos domain to Azure AD. \n \n On the machine running the latest version of Azure AD Connect, open an elevated PowerShell console and run the following command to import the AzureAdKerberos module: \n \n \n Import-Module \"C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft Azure Active Directory Connect\\AzureADKerberos\\AzureAdKerberos.psd1\" \n \n \n \n This module provides 3 PowerShell cmdlets: \n \n \n Get-Command *AzureADKerberosServer CommandType Name Version Source \n----------- ---- ------- ------ \nCmdlet Get-AzureADKerberosServer 1.0.0.0 AzureAdKerberos \nCmdlet Remove-AzureADKerberosServer 1.0.0.0 AzureAdKerberos \nCmdlet Set-AzureADKerberosServer 1.0.0.0 AzureAdKerberos \n \n \n \n Run the Get-AzureADKerberosServer cmdlet to determine if your domain has been extended to Azure AD. In the sample commands shown hereon, HyperCruise.ca is the DNS name of the on-premises active directory domain. \n \n \n Get-AzureADKerberosServer -DomainCredential $domainCred -CloudCredential $cloudCred -Domain HyperCruise.ca Id :\nUserAccount :\nComputerAccount :\nDisplayName :\nDomainDnsName :\nKeyVersion :\nKeyUpdatedOn :\nKeyUpdatedFrom :\nCloudDisplayName :\nCloudDomainDnsName :\nCloudId :\nCloudKeyVersion :\nCloudKeyUpdatedOn : \n \n \n \n Extend your on-premises Kerberos domain to Azure AD using the Set-AzureADKerberosServer cmdlet. In the example below,\n \n $domainCred – credentials for member of Domain Admins \n $cloudCred – credentials for user assigned the global administrator role \n \n \n \n \n Set-AzureADKerberosServer -DomainCredential $domainCred -CloudCredential $cloudCred -Domain HyperCruise.ca \n \n \n \n Running the Get-AzureADKerberosServer cmdlet again shows the information about the new computer object created in the on-premises active directory domain and the associated KRBTGT account: \n \n \n PS C:\\Temp> Get-AzureADKerberosServer -DomainCredential $domainCred -CloudCredential $cloudCred -Domain HyperCruise.ca\n\nId : 22973\nUserAccount : CN=krbtgt_AzureAD,CN=Users,DC=HyperCruise,DC=ca\nComputerAccount : CN=AzureADKerberos,OU=Domain Controllers,DC=HyperCruise,DC=ca\nDisplayName : krbtgt_22973\nDomainDnsName : HyperCruise.ca\nKeyVersion : 147955\nKeyUpdatedOn : 2/18/2020 7:53:12 PM\nKeyUpdatedFrom : 0-ID-ADDC-01.HyperCruise.ca\nCloudDisplayName : krbtgt_22973\nCloudDomainDnsName : HyperCruise.ca\nCloudId : 22973\nCloudKeyVersion : 147955\nCloudKeyUpdatedOn : 2/18/2020 7:53:12 PM \n \n \n Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/active-directory/authentication/howto-authentication-passwordless-security-key-on-premises \n \n 5 User Experience \n \n 5.1 Authentication \n The two sections below show using screenshots for password-less sign-in using FIDO2 security keys to a Windows 10 desktop and to a web application through a browser. \n \n 5.1.1 Windows 10 lock screen \n \n \n \n Authentication grants access to on-premises active directory resources. \n \n \n 5.1.2 Web applications and services \n \n When logging on to web applications like the Azure portal or the Security Info page, click Sign-in options.\n \n \n \n \n Choose the option to sign in with a security key.\n \n \n \n \n Enter the PIN to unlock the key and provide the additional gesture required.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n As mentioned earlier, if you enroll multiple identities with the same FIDO2 token: \n \n Its one gesture (PIN, biometric, etc.) per security key, to unlock all private keys. \n When authenticating against a web application, after completing the gesture, you can choose between the identities. \n \n \n \n However, this does not work for it to logon a Windows 10 PC; it does not give you an option of which identity to use. It will automatically use the last registered FIDO2 identity on the token. \n \n 5.2 Security Key Management \n \n 5.2.1 Creating a new security key PIN \n \n Open the Windows Settings app, select Accounts, select Sign-in options, select Security Key, and then select Manage. \n Insert your security key into the USB port or tap your NFC reader to verify your identity. \n Select Change from the Security Key PIN area, enter the existing PIN, type and confirm your new security key PIN, and then select OK. \n The security key is updated with the new security key PIN \n \n \n 5.2.2 Resetting security key \n \n Open the Windows Settings app, select Accounts, select Sign-in options, select Security Key, and then select Manage. \n Insert your security key into the USB port or tap your NFC reader to verify your identity. \n Select Reset from the Reset Security Key area. \n Follow the on-screen instructions, based on your specific security key manufacturer. \n \n \n Resetting your security key deletes everything from the key, resetting it to factory defaults; all data and credentials will be cleared. \n \n 5.2.3 Deleting Security key from Security Info \n \n Browse to https://aka.ms/mysecurityinfo \n Select the Delete link from the security key to remove. \n Select Ok from the Delete security key box. \n \n \n 6 Troubleshooting \n Events will be logged under the Microsoft-Windows-WebAuthN/Operational log, and are quite detailed. The main events are given in the table below: \n \n \n \n \n \n Id \n \n \n Task Category \n \n \n Description \n \n \n Level \n \n \n \n \n 1003 \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n 1004 \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n 1005 \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion \n \n \n WebAuthN Ctap GetAssertion completed. \n \n \n Error \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2100 \n \n \n Ctap Command \n \n \n Ctap GetAssertion started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap GetInfo started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap MakeCredential started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap NotifyStart started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap NotifyStop started. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n 2102 \n \n \n Ctap Command \n \n \n Ctap GetAssertion completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap GetInfo completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap MakeCredential completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap NotifyStart completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ctap NotifyStop completed. \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n 2103 \n \n \n Ctap Command \n \n \n Ctap GetAssertion completed. \n \n \n Error \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2104 \n \n \n Ctap Device Info \n \n \n Ctap device info. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n 2220 \n \n \n Ctap Usb Add \n \n \n Ctap Usb add device. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n 2222 \n \n \n Ctap Usb Changes \n \n \n Ctap Usb device changes. \n \n \n Information \n \n \n \n \n \n CTAP commands and description \n \n authenticatorMakeCredential - generation of a new credential in the security key. \n authenticatorGetAssertion - request cryptographic proof of user authentication \n authenticatorGetNextAssertion - called when more than one credential is stored on the key. List is displayed allowing for user to select the credential to use. \n authenticatorGetInfo - request for information about the security key. \n authenticatorReset - reset a security key back to a factory default state, invalidating all generated credentials. \n \n \n This has been a long post, but hopefully the information in it can shed some light on how FIDO2 security keys work for SSO to on-premises and cloud resources, and make it easier to deploy this to your users. 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Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) data using PowerShell","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:1217934"},"id":"message:1217934","revisionNum":4,"uid":1217934,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:CoreInfrastructureandSecurityBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:262070"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" Use PowerShell to generate RSoP planning mode (modeling) data ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":28952},"postTime":"2020-03-09T08:48:16.399-07:00","lastPublishTime":"2020-03-09T08:51:53.817-07:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":"\n \n\n \n\n \n Hello everyone, my name is Liju and I am a Premier Field Engineer specializing in Active Directory and Azure AD. I have worked on group policy for 15 years (I remember having to use Secedit.exe to refresh group policy) and today I wanted to share some experience from the field. \n Recently I came across a scenario where we needed to find out what group policy settings were being applied to a large number of machines. We looked at two options to automate the collection of this data: \n \n Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy PowerShell cmdlet \n GPResult.exe command-line utility \n \n \n But first, a primer – as you likely know, RSoP data can be collected using one of two methods: \n \n Logging Mode \n \n Used to review policy settings applied to a specific computer and user \n Gathered by the Group Policy Results Wizard in GPMC \n \n Planning mode \n \n Used to simulate a policy implementation by using data from Active Directory. \n Gathered by the Group Policy Modeling Wizard in GPMC \n \n \n \n The Challenge \n \n With both options (Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy and GPResult.exe) we faced the following challenges: \n \n Logging vs Planning modes – Both Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy and GPResult.exe only collect data in logging mode. \n Permissions – The user under whose context the commands are being run must have Generate Resultant Set of Policy (Logging) (for planning its: Generate Resultant Set of Policy (Planning)) permissions. This can be delegated at the organizational unit and by default, all Administrators of a machine has them.\n \n Here are the errors you will see with the commands if you do not have the proper permissions:\n \n Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy error: Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy : Access is denied. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80070005 (E_ACCESSDENIED)) \n GPResult error: ERROR: The user name or password is incorrect. \n \n \n \n \n \n An IT organization that has followed a tiering model may not have a single account that has administrative access across multiple tiers. \n \n Profile - For logging mode you must provide a user account that has logged onto the machine at least once and has a profile present.\n \n Here are the errors you will see with the commands if a profile does not exist:\n \n Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy error: Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy : The Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) report cannot be generated for user <user> on the <machine> computer because there is no RSoP logging data for that user on that computer. This could be because the user has never logged onto that computer. \n GPResult error: INFO: The user <usr> does not have RSoP data. \n \n \n \n \n \n When gathering data from multiple machines, there may not be a single account that has a profile on every one of them. \n \n \n Solution: Use PowerShell \n \n This is where PowerShell can be used to instantiate the GPMgmt.GPM class that allows access to most of the GPMC functionality. \n Using this method: \n \n You can generate RSoP data in logging mode or in planning mode. \n With planning mode, the user generating the data does not need Generate Resultant Set of Policy rights on the machine. \n With planning mode, the user generating the data does not need to have logged on to the machine. \n \n You will find below sample code to generate RSoP data in planning mode and in logging mode. \n Remember to assign values from your own environment to the following variables: \n \n $machineName \n $machineOU \n $userName \n $userOU \n $rsopObject.PlanningDomainController \n \n And edit these paths based on your folder structure: \n \n C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html \n C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml \n \n \n Disclaimer \n The sample scripts are not supported under any Microsoft standard support program or service. The sample scripts are provided AS IS without warranty of any kind. Microsoft further disclaims all implied warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk arising out of the use or performance of the sample scripts and documentation remains with you. In no event shall Microsoft, its authors, or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of the scripts be liable for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of or inability to use the sample scripts or documentation, even if Microsoft has been advised of the possibility of such damages. \n \n \n Planning Mode \n \n $machineName = \"LITWARE\\ROOT8WS01\" \n $machineOU = \"OU=Workstations,OU=Machines,OU=IT,DC=Litware,DC=com\" \n \n $userName = \"LITWARE\\JoeSchmoe\" \n $userOU = \"OU=Users,OU=IT,DC=Litware,DC=com\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPmodePlanning,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.planningComputer = $machineName \n $rsopObject.PlanningUser = $userName \n $rsopObject.planningComputerSOM = $machineOU \n $rsopObject.planningUserSOM = $userOU \n $rsopObject.PlanningDomainController = \"RootDC01.Litware.com\" \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n This creates both an HTML report and an XML report. Comment out either the second to last or the third to last line to create just of the reports. \n \n Computer-only report: \n \n $machineName = \"LITWARE\\ROOT8WS01\" \n $machineOU = \"OU=Workstations,OU=Machines,OU=IT,DC=Litware,DC=com\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPmodePlanning,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.planningComputer = $machineName \n $rsopObject.planningComputerSOM = $machineOU \n $rsopObject.PlanningDomainController = \"RootDC01.Litware.com\" \n \n $rsopObject.PlanningFlags = 131072 # Only computer; no user \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n User-only report: \n \n $userName = \"LITWARE\\JoeSchmoe\" \n $userOU = \"OU=Users,OU=IT,DC=Litware,DC=com\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPmodePlanning,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.PlanningUser = $userName \n $rsopObject.planningUserSOM = $userOU \n $rsopObject.PlanningDomainController = \"RootDC01.Litware.com\" \n \n $rsopObject.PlanningFlags = 65536 # Only user; no computer \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML, \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n \n Logging Mode \n \n Although the Get-GPResultantSetOfPolicy cmdlet collects RSoP data in logging mode, for the sake of completeness, here is how to do this using the GPMgmt.GPM class. Keep in mind that: \n \n To collect computer RSoP data, user collecting RSoP data must have sufficient permissions \n User whose RSoP data is being collected must have a profile on the machine being evaluated against \n \n \n $machineName = \"LITWARE\\ROOT8WS01\" \n $userName = \"LITWARE\\JoeSchmoe\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPModeLogging,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.LoggingComputer = $machineName \n $rsopObject.LoggingUser = $userName \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n \n This creates both an HTML report and an XML report. Comment out either the second to last or the third to last line to create just of the reports. \n If the user specified in $userName does not have a profile on the machine specified in $machineName, the reports are not generated, and this is the error you will see: \n Exception from HRESULT: 0x8004100E \n At line:17 char:1 \n + $rsop.CreateQueryResults() \n + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \n + CategoryInfo : OperationStopped: (:) [], COMException \n + FullyQualifiedErrorId : System.Runtime.InteropServices.COMException \n \n Value does not fall within the expected range. \n At line:19 char:1 \n + $Result = $rsop.GenerateReportToFile($constants.ReportXML , \"C:\\Temp\\ ... \n + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \n + CategoryInfo : OperationStopped: (:) [], ArgumentException \n + FullyQualifiedErrorId : System.ArgumentException \n \n Computer-only report: \n \n $machineName = \"LITWARE\\ROOT8WS01\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPModeLogging,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.LoggingComputer = $machineName \n $rsopObject.LoggingFlags = 131072 # Only computer; no user \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n User-only report: \n \n $userName = \"LITWARE\\JoeSchmoe\" \n \n $gpmObject = New-Object -ComObject GPMgmt.GPM \n $gpmConstants = $gpmObject.GetConstants() \n $rsopObject = $gpmObject.GetRSOP($gpmConstants.RSOPModeLogging,$null,0) \n \n $rsopObject.LoggingUser = $userName \n $rsopObject.LoggingFlags = 65536 # Only user; no computer \n \n $rsopObject.CreateQueryResults() \n \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportHTML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.html\") \n $rsopReport = $rsopObject.GenerateReportToFile($gpmConstants.ReportXML , \"C:\\Temp\\GPO_RSoP\\RSoP.xml\") \n $rsopObject.ReleaseQueryResults() \n \n Collecting user-only logging mode data is done against the localhost by default, and requires that the user under whose context the code is being executed have a profile. \n \n There you have it – you can add one more tool to your arsenal for group policy reporting and troubleshooting, one especially useful if you want to collect this data for several users and/or machines using a script. \n \n 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:"BODY","width":1030,"height":272,"altText":null},"BlogTopicMessage:message:1077045":{"__typename":"BlogTopicMessage","subject":"Using Azure Security Center and Log Analytics to Audit Use of NTLM","conversation":{"__ref":"Conversation:conversation:1077045"},"id":"message:1077045","revisionNum":10,"uid":1077045,"depth":0,"board":{"__ref":"Blog:board:CoreInfrastructureandSecurityBlog"},"author":{"__ref":"User:user:262070"},"teaser@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" \n \n Use Azure Security Center and Log Analytics to store security events from Windows servers and KQL to query them ","introduction":"","metrics":{"__typename":"MessageMetrics","views":24700},"postTime":"2019-12-22T21:00:00.022-08:00","lastPublishTime":"2019-12-23T05:52:07.901-08:00","body@stripHtml({\"removeProcessingText\":true,\"removeSpoilerMarkup\":true,\"removeTocMarkup\":true,\"truncateLength\":-1})":" The purpose of this post is to show how you can collect and query security events of interest from Windows servers. To do this we will use: \n \n Azure Security Center to collect events \n Log Analytics Workspace to store events \n Kusto query language to query stored events \n \n \n As an example, we are going to collect 4624 (An account was successfully logged on) events from multiple machines. This event is generated on the destination machine when a logon session is created and can be used to audit for NTLM authentication. See the link below for more details: \n How to audit use of NTLMv1 on a Windows Server-based domain controller - https://support.microsoft.com/en-ca/help/4090105 \n \n What is Kusto? \n Kusto is a big-data engine for log and telemetry search and analytics, and powers Azure Log Analytics along with many other Microsoft products, such as Azure Application Insights, Azure Time Series Insights, Azure Security Center, and more. Use this link to learn more about the query language. \n \n \n Why audit for NTLMv1? \n The fact that the NTLMv1 response generation uses the relatively weak DES encryption algorithm and a fixed-length 16-byte random number makes it highly susceptible to brute-force attacks. In comparison, the NTLMv2 response uses the stronger HMAC-MD5 algorithm and a challenge of variable length. \n To put it into perspective, NTLMv2 was introduced in Windows NT 4.0 SP4 \n See links at the bottom of the page for more information. \n \n Decisions, decisions! \n \n Azure Security Center Tiering \n For Azure Security Center to collect the data we need, you will need to configure Standard tiering. This can be done in one of three different ways: \n \n At the subscription alone – choose this option if you want to store the events in the workspace created by Security Center, and not in an existing workspace \n At the Log Analytics Workspace alone - choose this option if the subscription contains multiple VMs and you only want Security Center to manage a subset of them \n Both; the recommended option \n \n \n \n \n Monitoring Agent Installation \n Data collection from the source machines is done using the Microsoft Monitoring Agent (MMA), the installation of which can be done in several different ways: \n \n You can enable Auto Provision on Security Center to automatically deploy the agent for your Azure VMs. This option ensures any new VMs are automatically onboarded \n \n \n \n \n Enable the Log Analytics VM Extension; this is the method shown below. See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-monitor/learn/quick-collect-azurevm#enable-the-log-analytics-vm-extension for more details. \n Manually install the agent and configure it to report to the Log Analytics workspace; see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/azure/azure-monitor/platform/agent-windows \n \n \n Costs \n \n Storing data in log analytics might incur additional charges for data storage. \n Depending on the number of resources being monitored, enabling Standard tiering in Security Center can lead to additional costs. \n \n Use the Pricing calculator (https://azure.microsoft.com/en-ca/pricing/calculator/) to configure and estimate costs. \n \n Connect Azure VMs to Log Analytics Workspace \n \n \n Create a Log Analytics Workspace if you do not already have one. \n \n \n \n \n In your list of Log Analytics workspaces, select the workspace created earlier. \n On the left-hand menu, under Workspace Data Sources, select Virtual machines. \n In the list of Virtual machines, select a virtual machine you want to install the agent on. Notice that the Log Analytics connection status for the VM indicates that it is Not connected. \n \n \n \n In the details for your virtual machine, select Connect. The agent is automatically installed and configured for your Log Analytics workspace. This process takes a few minutes, during which time the Status shows Connecting. \n After you install and connect the agent, the Log Analytics connection status will be updated with This workspace. \n \n \n \n \n Connect Physical Servers to Log Analytics Workspace \n \n The steps in https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-monitor/platform/agent-windows show how to install and configure the Microsoft Monitoring agent manually. \n \n Configure Auditing on Servers \n \n Use Group Policy Objects to enable subcategory-level auditing on the machines: \n \n Computer Configuration \\ Policies \\ Windows Settings \\ Security Settings \\ Local Policies \\ Security Options \n \n Audit: Shut down system immediately if unable to log security audits - Disabled \n Audit: Force audit policy subcategory settings (Windows Vista or later) to override audit policy category settings – Enabled \n \n Computer Configuration \\ Policies \\ Windows Settings \\ Security Settings \\ Advanced Audit Configuration \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Policy \n \n \n Setting \n \n \n \n \n Domain Controllers \n \n \n non-Domain Controllers \n \n \n \n \n Account Logon \n \n \n \n \n Audit Credential Validation \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Kerberos Authentication Service \n \n \n Failure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations \n \n \n Failure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Account Management \n \n \n \n \n Audit Computer Account Management \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n Audit Other Account Management Events \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Security Group Management \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit User Account Management \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Detailed Tracking \n \n \n \n \n Audit Process Creation \n \n \n Success \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n DS Access \n \n \n \n \n Audit Directory Service Access \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Audit Directory Service Changes \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Logon/Logoff \n \n \n \n \n Audit Account Lockout \n \n \n Success \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n Audit Logoff \n \n \n Success \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n Audit Logon \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Special Logon \n \n \n Success \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n Policy Change \n \n \n \n \n Audit Audit Policy Change \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Authentication Policy Change \n \n \n Success \n \n \n Success \n \n \n \n \n Privilege Use \n \n \n \n \n Audit Sensitive Privilege Use \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n System \n \n \n \n \n Audit IPsec Driver \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Other System Events \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Security State Change \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit Security System Extension \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n Audit System Integrity \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n Success, Failure \n \n \n \n \n \n Note: \n \n Ensure the event logs on your servers are sized correctly so that they are not rolled over too quickly by enabling additional audit logging. \n Use the command AuditPol /get /category:* locally on a server to verify that the right audit policy is being applied. \n \n \n Data collection in Azure Security Center \n \n \n Under the Security Center main menu, select Pricing & settings. \n \n \n \n \n As mentioned earlier, the recommended option is to enable Standard tiering for both the subscription and for the workspace. This ensures you receive recommendations on resources other than just virtual machines. The subsections below show both. \n \n Workspace Configuration \n \n Select the desired Workspace in which you intend to connect the agent and select Standard pricing tier. Click Save. \n \n You will be billed (Number of VMs) * $15 per month (or, more correctly, (Number of VMs) * $0.02 per hour. Only powered-on VMs are billed, and billing is hourly. \n \n \n \n \n Select the appropriate data collection tier. Common provides a full user audit trail in this set. \n \n \n \n \n Note: \n These security events sets are available only on Security Center’s Standard tier. \n To see a list of events collected see Data collection in Azure Security Center - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security-center/security-center-enable-data-collection#data-collection-tier \n \n \n \n Subscription configuration \n \n Select the applicable Subscription and select Standard pricing tier. \n \n Disable any resource types that you do not want to collect data for, and then click Save. \n \n \n \n \n If you did not want to manually connect the VMs to the workspace, enable auto-provisioning on Security Center to automatically deploy the agent for your Azure VMs. This is done under the Data Collection node \n \n \n \n \n Verify Data Collection \n \n \n Click on the Log Analytics Workspace -> Logs \n In the query pane, expand Security, click on the icon to the right of SecurityEvent to show sample records from the table \n Click Run \n \n \n \n \n \n This is a common way to take a glance at a table and understand its structure and content. \n \n \n Log Query \n \n Under the Log Analytics Workspace -> Logs, type the queries and click Run. \n \n \n Summarizing list of events \n The following query: \n \n returns all events logged over the past 7 days \n with ID 4624 and by a user account \n groups them by the Account,Computer, IpAddress and AuthenticationPackageName fields \n and sorts them by decreasing order of the number of results in each group. \n \n \n SecurityEvent \n | where TimeGenerated > ago(7d) \n | where EventID == 4624 and AccountType == \"User\" \n | summarize count() by Account, Computer, IpAddress, AuthenticationPackageName \n | sort by count_ \n \n \n \n Selecting specific columns \n The following query: \n \n returns all events logged over the past 7 days \n with ID 4624, by a user account and NTLM is used for authentication \n specifies that the following columns be included in the result: EventID, TimeGenerated, Account, Computer, IpAddress, LogonType, AuthenticationPackageName, LmPackageName, LogonProcessName \n and sorts them by decreasing order of TimeGenerated column, with null values placed at the end. \n \n \n SecurityEvent \n | where TimeGenerated > ago(7d) \n | where EventID == 4624 and AccountType == \"User\" and AuthenticationPackageName == \"NTLM\" \n | project EventID, TimeGenerated, Account, Computer, IpAddress, LogonType, AuthenticationPackageName, LmPackageName, LogonProcessName \n | sort by TimeGenerated desc nulls last \n \n \n The columns in the query correspond to the XML data fields in the event as shown below. \n \n \n Remember, you can ignore the event for security protocol usage information when the event is logged for \"ANONYMOUS LOGON\". \n \n \n Exporting query data \n Log Analytics supports several exporting methods: \n \n Excel: Save the results as a CSV file. \n Power BI: Export the results to Power BI. \n Share a link: The query itself can be shared as a link which can then be sent and executed by other users that have access to the same workspace. \n \n \n \n Saving queries \n Once you have created a useful query, you might want to save it or share with others. The Save icon is on the top bar. \n \n \n \n \n Loading saved queries \n The Query Explorer icon is at the top-right area. This lists all saved queries by category. It also enables you to mark specific queries as Favorites to quickly find them in the future. Double-click a saved query to add it to the current window. \n \n \n There you have it – we configured Azure Security Center to collect events from windows servers, store them on a Log Analytics Workspace and used KQL to query the saved logs for audit for NTLM authentication. \n You can extend this to cover a wide range of auditable events. See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/ad-ds/plan/appendix-l--events-to-monitor for one such list. \n \n References \n \n \n Azure Security Center frequently asked questions (FAQ) - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security-center/security-center-faq \n Overview of log queries in Azure Monitor - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-monitor/log-query/log-query-overview \n Azure Monitor log query examples - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-monitor/log-query/examples \n Security Watch: The Most Misunderstood Windows Security Setting of All Time - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/technet-magazine/cc160954(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN \n \n \n Stop using LAN Manager and NTLMv1 - https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/miriamxyra/2017/11/07/stop-using-lan-manager-and-ntlmv1/ (Content may be archived; if so, search TechNet and MSDN blog archive) \n \n \n Auditing and restricting NTLM usage guide - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/jj865674(v=ws.10) \n \n 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