From Large Semi-Structured Docs to Actionable Data: In-Depth Evaluation Approaches Guidance
Introduction Extracting structured data from large, semi-structured documents (the detailed solution implementation overview and architecture is provided in this tech community blog: From Large Semi-Structured Docs to Actionable Data: Reusable Pipelines with ADI, AI Search & OpenAI) demands a rigorous evaluation framework. The goal is to ensure our pipeline is accurate, reliable, and scalable before we trust it with mission-critical data. This framework breaks evaluation into clear phases, from how we prepare the document, to how we find relevant parts, to how we validate the final output. It provides metrics, examples, and best practices at each step, forming a generic pattern that can be applied to various domains. Framework Overview A very structured and stepwise approach for evaluation is given below: Establish Ground Truth & Sampling: Define a robust ground truth set and sampling method to fairly evaluate all parts of the document. Preprocessing Evaluation: Verify that OCR, chunking, and any structural augmentation (like adding headers) preserve all content and context. Labelling Evaluation: Check classification of sections/chunks by content based on topic/entity and ensure irrelevant data is filtered out without losing any important context. Retrieval Evaluation: Ensure the system can retrieve the right pieces of information (using search) with high precision@k and recall@k. Extraction Accuracy Evaluation: Measure how well the final structured data matches the expected values (field accuracy, record accuracy, overall precision/recall). Continuous Improvement Loop with SME: Use findings to retrain, tweak, and improve, enabling the framework to be reused for new documents and iterations. SMEs play a huge role in such scenarios. Detailed Guidance on Evaluation Below is a step-by-step, in-depth guide to evaluating this kind of IDP (Indelligent Document Processing) pipeline, covering both the overall system and its individual components: Establish Ground Truth & Sampling Why: Any evaluation is only as good as the ground truth it’s compared against. Start by assembling a reliable “source of truth” dataset for your documents. This often means manual labelling of some documents by domain experts (e.g., a legal team annotating key clauses in a contract, or accountants verifying invoice fields). Because manual curation is expensive, be strategic in what and how we sample. Ground Truth Preparation: Identify the critical fields and sections we need to extract, and create an annotated set of documents with those values marked correct. For example, if processing financial statements, we might mark the ground truth values for Total Assets, Net Income, Key Ratios, etc. This ground truth should be the baseline to measure accuracy against. Although creating it is labour-intensive, it yields a precise benchmark for model performance. Stratified Sampling: Documents like contracts or policies have diverse sections. To evaluate thoroughly, use stratified sampling – ensure your test set covers all major content types and difficulty levels. For instance, if 15% of pages in a set of contracts are annexes or addendums, then ~15% of your evaluation pages should come from annexes, not just the main body. This prevents the evaluation from overlooking challenging or rare sections. In practice, we might partition a document by section type (clauses, tables, schedules, footnotes) and sample a proportion from each. This way, metrics reflect performance on each type of content, not just the easiest portions. Multi-Voter Agreement (Consensus): It’s often helpful to have multiple automated voters on the outputs before involving humans. For example, suppose we extracted an invoice amount; we can have: A regex/format checker/fuzzy matching voter A cross-field logic checker/embedding based matching voter An ML model confidence score/LLM as a judge vote If all signals are strong, we label that extraction as Low Risk; if they conflict, mark it High Risk for human review. By tallying such “votes”, we create tiers of confidence. Why? Because in many cases, a large portion of outputs will be obviously correct (e.g., over 80% might have unanimous high confidence), and we can safely assume those are right, focusing manual review on the remainder. This strategy effectively reduces the human workload while maintaining quality. Preprocessing Evaluation Before extracting meaning, make sure the raw text and structure are captured correctly. Any loss here breaks the whole pipeline. Key evaluation checks: OCR / Text Extraction Accuracy Character/Error Rate: Sample pages to see how many words are recognized correctly (use per-word confidence to spot issues). Layout Preservation: Ensure reading order isn’t scrambled, especially in multi-column pages or footnotes. Content Coverage: Verify every sentence from a sample page appears in the extracted text. Missing footers or sidebars count as gaps. Chunking Completeness: Combined chunks should reconstruct the full document. Word counts should match. Segment Integrity: Chunks should align to natural boundaries (paragraphs, tables). Track a metric like “95% clean boundaries.” Context Preservation: If a table or section spans chunks, mark relationships so downstream logic sees them as connected. Multi-page Table Handling Header Insertion Accuracy: Validate that continued pages get the correct header (aim for high 90% to maintain context across documents). No False Headers: Ensure new tables aren’t mistakenly treated as continuations. Track a False Continuation Rate and push it to near zero. Practical Check: Sample multi-page tables across docs to confirm consistent extraction and no missed rows. Structural Links / References Link Accuracy: Confirm references (like footnotes or section anchors) map to the right targets (e.g., 98%+ correct). Ontology / Category Coverage: If content is pre-grouped, check precision (no mis-grouping) and recall (nothing left uncategorized). Implication The goal is to ensure the pre-processed chunks are a faithful, complete, and structurally coherent representation of the original document. Metrics like content coverage, boundary cleanliness, and header accuracy help catch issues early. Fixing them here saves significant downstream debugging. Labelling Evaluation – “Did we isolate the right pieces?” Once we chunk the document, we label those chunks (with ML or rules) to map them to the right entities and throw out the noise. Think of this step as sorting useful clauses from filler. Section/Entity Labelling Accuracy Treat labelling as a multi-class or multi-label classification problem. Precision (Label Accuracy): Of the chunks we labelled as X, how many were actually X? Example: Model tags 40 chunks as “Financial Data.” If 5 are wrong, precision is 87.5. High precision avoids polluting a category (topic/entity) with junk. Recall (Coverage): Of the chunks that truly belong to category X, how many did we catch? Example: Ground truth has 50 Financial Data chunks, model finds 45. Recall is 90%. High recall prevents missing important sections. Example: A model labels paper sections as Introduction, Methods, Results, etc. It marks 100 sections as Results and 95 are correct (95% precision). It misses 5 actual Results (slightly lower recall). That’s acceptable if downstream steps can still recover some items. But low precision means the labelling logic needs tightening. Implication Low precision means wrong info contaminates the category. Low recall means missing crucial bits. Use these metrics to refine definitions or adjust the labelling logic. Don’t just report one accuracy number; precision and recall per label tell the real story. Retrieval Evaluation – “Can we find the right info when we ask?” Many document pipelines use retrieval to narrow a huge file down to the few chunks most likely to contain the answer corresponding to a topic/entity. If we need a “termination date,” we first fetch chunks about dates or termination, then extract from those. Retrieval must be sharp, or everything downstream suffers. Precision@K How many of the top K retrieved chunks are actually relevant? If we grab 5 chunks for “Key Clauses” and 4 are correct, Precision@5 is 80%. We usually set K to whatever the next stage consumes (3 or 5). High precision keeps extraction clean. Average it across queries or fields. Critical fields may demand very high Precision@K. Recall@K Did we retrieve enough of the relevant chunks? If there are 2 relevant chunks in the doc but the top 5 results include only 1, recall is 50%. Good recall means we aren’t missing mentions in other sections or appendices. Increasing K improves recall but can dilute precision. Tune both together. Ranking Quality (MRR, NDCG) If order matters, use rank-aware metrics. MRR: Measures how early the first relevant result appears. Perfect if it’s always at rank 1. NDCG@K: Rewards having the most relevant chunks at the top. Useful when relevance isn’t binary. Most pipelines can get away with Precision@K and maybe MRR. Implication Test 50 QA pairs from policy documents, retrieving 3 passages per query. Average Precision@3: 85%. Average Recall@3: 92%. MRR: 0.8. Suppose, we notice “data retention” answers appear in appendices that sometimes rank low. We increase K to 5 for that query type. Precision@3 rises to 90%, and Recall@5 hits roughly 99%. Retrieval evaluation is a sanity check. If retrieval fails, extraction recall will tank no matter how good the extractor is. Measure both so we know where the leak is. Also keep an eye on latency and cost if fancy re-rankers slow things down. Extraction Accuracy Evaluation – “Did we get the right answers?” Look at each field and measure how often we got the right value. Precision: Of the values we extracted, what percent are correct? Use exact match or a lenient version if small format shifts don’t matter. Report both when useful. Recall: Out of all ground truth values, how many did we actually extract? Per-field breakdown: Some fields will be easy (invoice numbers, dates), others messy (vendor names, free text). A simple table makes this obvious and shows where to focus improvements. Error Analysis Numbers don’t tell the whole story. Look at patterns: OCR mix-ups Bad date or amount formats Wrong chunk retrieved upstream Misread tables Find the recurring mistakes. That’s where the fixes live. Holistic Metrics If needed, compute overall precision/recall across all extracted fields. But per-field and record-level are usually what matter to stakeholders. Implication Precision protects against wrong entries. Recall protects against missing data. Choose your balance based on risk: If false positives hurt more (wrong financial numbers), favour precision. If missing items hurts more (missing red-flag clauses), favour recall. Continuous Improvement Loop with SME Continuous improvement means treating evaluation as an ongoing feedback loop rather than a one-time check. Each phase’s errors point to concrete fixes, and every fix is re-measured to ensure accuracy moves in the right direction without breaking other components. The same framework also supports A/B testing alternative methods and monitoring real production data to detect drift or new document patterns. Because the evaluation stages are modular, they generalize well across domains such as contracts, financial documents, healthcare forms, or academic papers with only domain-specific tweaks. Over time, this creates a stable, scalable and measurable path toward higher accuracy, better robustness, and easier adaptation to new document types. Conclusion Building an end-to-end evaluation framework isn’t just about measuring accuracy, it’s about creating trust in the entire pipeline. By breaking the process into clear phases, defining robust ground truth, and applying precision/recall-driven metrics at every stage, we ensure that document processing systems are reliable, scalable, and adaptable. This structured approach not only highlights where improvements are needed but also enables continuous refinement through SME feedback and iterative testing. Ultimately, such a framework transforms evaluation from a one-time exercise into a sustainable practice, paving the way for higher-quality outputs across diverse domains.Streamline Azure NetApp Files Management—Right from Your IDE
The Azure NetApp Files VS Code Extension is designed to streamline storage provisioning and management directly within the developer’s IDE. Traditional workflows often require extensive portal navigation, manual configuration, and policy management, leading to inefficiencies and context switching. The extension addresses these challenges by enabling AI-powered automation through natural language commands, reducing provisioning time from hours to minutes while minimizing errors and improving compliance. Key capabilities include generating production-ready ARM templates, validating resources, and delivering optimization insights—all without leaving the coding environment.How Azure NetApp Files Object REST API powers Azure and ISV Data and AI services – on YOUR data
This article introduces the Azure NetApp Files Object REST API, a transformative solution for enterprises seeking seamless, real-time integration between their data and Azure's advanced analytics and AI services. By enabling direct, secure access to enterprise data—without costly transfers or duplication—the Object REST API accelerates innovation, streamlines workflows, and enhances operational efficiency. With S3-compatible object storage support, it empowers organizations to make faster, data-driven decisions while maintaining compliance and data security. Discover how this new capability unlocks business potential and drives a new era of productivity in the cloud.Accelerating HPC and EDA with Powerful Azure NetApp Files Enhancements
High-Performance Computing (HPC) and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) workloads demand uncompromising performance, scalability, and resilience. Whether you're managing petabyte-scale datasets or running compute intensive simulations, Azure NetApp Files delivers the agility and reliability needed to innovate without limits.How to Modernise a Microsoft Access Database (Forms + VBA) to Node.JS, OpenAPI and SQL Server
Microsoft Access has played a significant role in enterprise environments for over three decades. Released in November 1992, its flexibility and ease of use made it a popular choice for organizations of all sizes—from FTSE250 companies to startups and the public sector. The platform enables rapid development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) paired with relational databases, allowing users to quickly create professional-looking applications. Developers, data architects, and power users have all leveraged Microsoft Access to address various enterprise challenges. Its integration with Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), an object-based programming language, ensured that Access solutions often became central to business operations. Unsurprisingly, modernizing these applications is a common requirement in contemporary IT engagements as thse solutions lead to data fragmentation, lack of integration into master data systems, multiple copies of the same data replicated across each access database and so on. At first glance, upgrading a Microsoft Access application may seem simple, given its reliance on forms, VBA code, queries, and tables. However, substantial complexity often lurks beneath this straightforward exterior. Modernization efforts must consider whether to retain the familiar user interface to reduce staff retraining, how to accurately re-implement business logic, strategies for seamless data migration, and whether to introduce an API layer for data access. These factors can significantly increase the scope and effort required to deliver a modern equivalent, especially when dealing with numerous web forms, making manual rewrites a daunting task. This is where GitHub Copilot can have a transformative impact, dramatically reducing redevelopment time. By following a defined migration path, it is possible to deliver a modernized solution in as little as two weeks. In this blog post, I’ll walk you through each tier of the application and give you example prompts used at each stage. 🏛️Architecture Breakdown: The N-Tier Approach Breaking down the application architecture reveals a classic N-Tier structure, consisting of a presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer, and data management layer. 💫First-Layer Migration: Migrating a Microsoft Access Database to SQL Server The migration process began with the database layer, which is typically the most straightforward to move from Access to another relational database management system (RDBMS). In this case, SQL Server was selected to leverage the SQL Server Migration Assistant (SSMA) for Microsoft Access—a free tool from Microsoft that streamlines database migration to SQL Server, Azure SQL Database, or Azure SQL Database Managed Instance (SQLMI). While GitHub Copilot could generate new database schemas and insert scripts, the availability of a specialized tool made the process more efficient. Using SSMA, the database was migrated to SQL Server with minimal effort. However, it is important to note that relationships in Microsoft Access may lack explicit names. In such cases, SSMA appends a GUID or uses one entirely to create unique foreign key names, which can result in confusing relationship names post-migration. Fortunately, GitHub Copilot can batch-rename these relationships in the generated SQL scripts, applying more meaningful naming conventions. By dropping and recreating the constraints, relationships become easier to understand and maintain. SSMA handles the bulk of the migration workload, allowing you to quickly obtain a fully functional SQL Server database containing all original data. In practice, renaming and recreating constraints often takes longer than the data migration itself. Prompt Used: # Context I want to refactor the #file:script.sql SQL script. Your task is to follow the below steps to analyse it and refactor it according to the specified rules. You are allowed to create / run any python scripts or terminal commands to assist in the analysis and refactoring process. # Analysis Phase Identify: Any warning comments Relations between tables Foreign key creation References to these foreign keys in 'MS_SSMA_SOURCE' metadata # Refactor Phase Refactor any SQL matching the following rules: - Create a new script file with the same name as the original but with a `.refactored.sql` extension - Rename any primary key constraints to follow the format PK_{table_name}_{column_name} - Rename any foreign key constraints like [TableName]${GUID} to FK_{child_table}_{parent_table} - Rename any indexes like [TableName]${GUID} to IDX_{table_name}_{column_name} - Ensure any updated foreign keys are updated elsewhere in the script - Identify which warnings flagged by the migration assistant need addressed # Summary Phase Create a summary file in markdown format with the following sections: - Summary of changes made - List of warnings addressed - List of foreign keys renamed - Any other relevant notes 🤖Bonus: Introduce Database Automation and Change Management As we now had a SQL database, we needed to consider how we would roll out changes to the database and we could introduce a formal tool to cater for this within the solution which was Liquibase. Prompt Used: # Context I want to refactor #file:db.changelog.xml. Your task is to follow the below steps to analyse it and refactor it according to the specified rules. You are allowed to create / run any python scripts or terminal commands to assist in the analysis and refactoring process. # Analysis Phase Analyse the generated changelog to identify the structure and content. Identify the tables, columns, data types, constraints, and relationships present in the database. Identify any default values, indexes, and foreign keys that need to be included in the changelog. Identify any vendor specific data types / fucntions that need to be converted to common Liquibase types. # Refactor Phase DO NOT modify the original #file:db.changelog.xml file in any way. Instead, create a new changelog file called `db.changelog-1-0.xml` to store the refactored changesets. The new file should follow the structure and conventions of Liquibase changelogs. You can fetch https://docs.liquibase.com/concepts/data-type-handling.html to get available Liquibase types and their mappings across RDBMS implementations. Copy the original changesets from the `db.changelog.xml` file into the new file Refactor the changesets according to the following rules: - The main changelog should only include child changelogs and not directly run migration operations - Child changelogs should follow the convention db.changelog-{version}.xml and start at 1-0 - Ensure data types are converted to common Liquibase data types. For example: - `nvarchar(max)` should be converted to `TEXT` - `datetime2` should be converted to `TIMESTAMP` - `bit` should be converted to `BOOLEAN` - Ensure any default values are retained but ensure that they are compatible with the liquibase data type for the column. - Use standard SQL functions like `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` instead of vendor-specific functions. - Only use vendor specific data types or functions if they are necessary and cannot be converted to common Liquibase types. These must be documented in the changelog and summary. Ensure that the original changeset IDs are preserved for traceability. Ensure that the author of all changesets is "liquibase (generated)" # Validation Phase Validate the new changelog file against the original #file:db.changelog.xml to ensure that all changesets are correctly refactored and that the structure is maintained. Confirm no additional changesets are added that were not present in the original changelog. # Finalisation Phase Provide a summary of the changes made in the new changelog file. Document any vendor specific data types or functions that were used and why they could not be converted to common Liquibase types. Ensure the main changelog file (`db.changelog.xml`) is updated to include the new child changelog file (`db.changelog-1-0.xml`). 🤖Bonus: Synthetic Data Generation Since the legacy system lacked synthetic data for development or testing, GitHub Copilot was used to generate fake seed data. Care was taken to ensure all generated data was clearly fictional—using placeholders like ‘Fake Name’ and ‘Fake Town’—to avoid any confusion with real-world information. This step greatly improved the maintainability of the project, enabling developers to test features without handling sensitive or real data. 💫Second-Layer Migration: OpenAPI Specifications With data migration complete, the focus shifted to implementing an API-driven approach for data retrieval. Adopting modern standards, OpenAPI specifications were used to define new RESTful APIs for creating, reading, updating, and deleting data. Because these APIs mapped directly to underlying entities, GitHub Copilot efficiently generated the required endpoints and services in Node.js, utilizing a repository pattern. This approach not only provided robust APIs but also included comprehensive self-describing documentation, validation at the API boundary, automatic error handling, and safeguards against invalid data reaching business logic or database layers. 💫Third-Layer Migration: Business Logic The business logic, originally authored in VBA, was generally straightforward. GitHub Copilot translated this logic into its Node.js equivalent and created corresponding tests for each method. These tests were developed directly from the code, adding a layer of quality assurance that was absent in the original Access solution. The result was a set of domain services mirroring the functionality of their VBA predecessors, successfully completing the migration of the third layer. At this stage, the project had a new database, a fresh API tier, and updated business logic, all conforming to the latest organizational standards. The final major component was the user interface, an area where advances in GitHub Copilot’s capabilities became especially evident. 💫Fourth Layer: User Interface The modernization of the Access Forms user interface posed unique challenges. To minimize retraining requirements, the new system needed to retain as much of the original layout as possible, ensuring familiar placement of buttons, dropdowns, and other controls. At the same time, it was necessary to meet new accessibility standards and best practices. Some Access forms were complex, spanning multiple tabs and containing numerous controls. Manually describing each interface for redevelopment would have been time-consuming. Fortunately, newer versions of GitHub Copilot support image-based prompts, allowing screenshots of Access Forms to serve as context. Using these screenshots, Copilot generated Government Digital Service Views that closely mirrored the original application while incorporating required accessibility features, such as descriptive labels and field selectors. Although the automatically generated UI might not fully comply with all current accessibility standards, prompts referencing WCAG guidelines helped guide Copilot’s improvements. The generated interfaces provided a strong starting point for UX engineers to further refine accessibility and user experience to meet organizational requirements. 🤖Bonus: User Story Generation from the User Interface For organizations seeking a specification-driven development approach, GitHub Copilot can convert screenshots and business logic into user stories following the “As a … I want to … So that …” format. While not flawless, this capability is invaluable for systems lacking formal requirements, giving business analysts a foundation to build upon in future iterations. 🤖Bonus: Introducing MongoDB Towards the end of the modernization engagement, there was interest in demonstrating migration from SQL Server to MongoDB. GitHub Copilot can facilitate this migration, provided it is given adequate context. As with all NoSQL databases, the design should be based on application data access patterns—typically reading and writing related data together. Copilot’s ability to automate this process depends on a comprehensive understanding of the application’s data relationships and patterns. # Context The `<business_entity>` entity from the existing system needs to be added to the MongoDB schema. You have been provided with the following: - #file:documentation - System documentation to provide domain / business entity context - #file:db.changelog.xml - Liquibase changelog for SQL context - #file:mongo-erd.md - Contains the current Mongo schema Mermaid ERD. Create this if it does not exist. - #file:stories - Contains the user stories that will the system will be built around # Analysis Phase Analyse the available documentation and changelog to identify the structure, relationships, and business context of the `<business_entity>`. Identify: - All relevant data fields and attributes - Relationships with other entities - Any specific data types, constraints, or business rules Determine how this entity fits into the overall MongoDB schema: - Should it be a separate collection? - Should it be embedded in another document? - Should it be a reference to another collection for lookups or relationships? - Explore the benefit of denormalization for performance and business needs Consider the data access patterns and how this entity will be used in the application. # MongoDB Schema Design Using the analysis, suggest how the `<business_entity>` should be represented in MongoDB: - The name of the MongoDB collection that will represent this entity - List each field in the collection, its type, any constraints, and what it maps to in the original business context - For fields that are embedded, document the parent collection and how the fields are nested. Nested fields should follow the format `parentField->childField`. - For fields that are referenced, document the reference collection and how the lookup will be performed. - Provide any additional notes on indexing, performance considerations, or specific MongoDB features that should be used - Always use pascal case for collection names and camel case for field names # ERD Creation Create or update the Mermaid ERD in `mongo-erd.md` to include the results of your analysis. The ERD should reflect: - The new collection or embedded document structure - Any relationships with other collections/entities - The data types, constraints, and business rules that are relevant for MongoDB - Ensure the ERD is clear and follows best practices for MongoDB schema design Each entity in the ERD should have the following layout: **Entity Name**: The name of the MongoDB collection / schema **Fields**: A list of fields in the collection, including: - Field Name (in camel case) - Data Type (e.g., String, Number, Date, ObjectId) - Constraints (e.g. indexed, unique, not null, nullable) In this example, Liquibase was used as a changelog to supply the necessary context, detailing entities, columns, data types, and relationships. Based on this, Copilot could offer architectural recommendations for new document or collection types, including whether to embed documents or use separate collections with cache references for lookup data. Copilot can also generate an entity relationship diagram (ERD), allowing for review and validation before proceeding. From there, a new data access layer can be generated, configurable to switch between SQL Server and MongoDB as needed. While production environments typically standardize on a single database model, this demonstration showcased the speed and flexibility with which strategic architectural components can be introduced using GitHub Copilot. 👨💻Conclusion This modernization initiative demonstrated how strategic use of automation and best practices can transform legacy Microsoft Access solutions into scalable, maintainable architectures utilizing Node.js, SQL Server, MongoDB, and OpenAPI. By carefully planning each migration layer—from database and API specifications to business logic—the team preserved core functionality while introducing modern standards and enhanced capabilities. GitHub Copilot played a pivotal role, not only speeding up redevelopment but also improving code quality through automated documentation, test generation, and meaningful naming conventions. The result was a significant reduction in development time, with a robust, standards-compliant system delivered in just two weeks compared to an estimated six to eight months using traditional manual methods. This project serves as a blueprint for organizations seeking to modernize their Access-based applications, highlighting the efficiency gains and quality improvements that can be achieved by leveraging AI-powered tools and well-defined migration strategies. The approach ensures future scalability, easier maintenance, and alignment with contemporary enterprise requirements.From Large Semi-Structured Docs to Actionable Data: Reusable Pipelines with ADI, AI Search & OpenAI
Problem Space Large semi-structured documents such as contracts, invoices, hospital tariff/rate cards multi-page reports, and compliance records often carry essential information that is difficult to extract reliably with traditional approaches. Their layout can span several pages, the structure is rarely consistent, and related fields may appear far apart even though they must be interpreted together. This makes it hard not only to detect the right pieces of information but also to understand how those pieces relate across the document. LLM can help, but when documents are long and contain complex cross-references, they may still miss subtle dependencies or generate hallucinated information. That becomes risky in environments where small errors can cascade into incorrect decisions. At the same time, these documents don’t change frequently, while the extracted data is used repeatedly by multiple downstream systems at scale. Because of this usage pattern, a RAG-style pipeline is often not ideal in terms of cost, latency, or consistency. Instead, organizations need a way to extract data once, represent it consistently, and serve it efficiently in a structured form to a wide range of applications, many of which are not conversational AI systems. At this point, data stewardship becomes critical, because once information is extracted, it must remain accurate, governed, traceable, and consistent throughout its lifecycle. When the extracted information feed compliance checks, financial workflows, risk models, or end-user experiences, the organization must ensure that the data is not just captured correctly but also maintained with proper oversight as it moves across systems. Any extraction pipeline that cannot guarantee quality, reliability, and provenance introduces long-term operational risk. The core problem, therefore, is finding a method that handles the structural and relational complexity of large semi-structured documents, minimizes LLM hallucination risk, produces deterministic results, and supports ongoing data stewardship so that the resulting structured output stays trustworthy and usable across the enterprise. Target Use Cases The potential applications for an Intelligent Document Processing (IDP) pipeline differ across industries. Several industry-specific use cases are provided as examples to guide the audience in conceptualising and implementing solutions tailored to their unique requirements. Hospital Tariff Digitization for Tariff-Invoice Reconciliation in Health Insurance Document types: Hospital tariff/rate cards, annexures/guidelines, pre-authorization guidelines etc. Technical challenge: Charges for the same service might appear under different sections or for different hospital room types across different versions of tariff/rate cards. Table + free text mix, abbreviations, and cross-page references. Downstream usage: Reimbursement orchestration, claims adjudication Commercial Loan Underwriting in Banking Document types: Balance sheets, cash-flow statements, auditor reports, collateral documents. Technical Challenge: Ratios and covenants must be computed from fields located across pages. Contextual dependencies: “Net revenue excluding exceptional items” or footnotes that override values. Downstream usage: Loan decisioning models, covenant monitoring, credit scoring. Procurement Contract Intelligence in Manufacturing Document types: Vendor agreements, SLAs, pricing annexures. Technical Challenge: Pricing rules defined across clauses that reference each other. Penalty and escalation conditions hidden inside nested sections. Downstream usage: Automated PO creation, compliance checks. Regulatory Compliance Extraction Document types: GDPR/HIPAA compliance docs, audit reports. Technical Challenge: Requirements and exceptions buried across many sections. Extraction must be deterministic since compliance logic is strict. Downstream usage: Rule engines, audit workflows, compliance checklist. Solution Approaches Problem Statement Across industries from finance and healthcare to legal and compliance, large semi-structured documents serve as the single source of truth for critical workflows. These documents often span hundreds of pages, mixing free text, tables, and nested references. Before any automation can validate transactions, enforce compliance, or perform analytics, this information must be transformed into a structured, machine-readable format. The challenge isn’t just size; it’s complexity. Rules and exceptions are scattered, relationships span multiple sections, and formatting inconsistencies make naive parsing unreliable. Errors at this stage ripple downstream, impacting reconciliation, risk models, and decision-making. In short, the fidelity of this digitization step determines the integrity of every subsequent process. Solving this problem requires a pipeline that can handle structural diversity, preserve context, and deliver deterministic outputs at scale. Challenges There are many challenges which can arise while solving for such large complex documents. The documents can have ~200-250 pages. The documents structures and layouts can be extremely complex in nature. A document or a page may contain a mix of various layouts like tables, text blocks, figures etc. Sometimes a single table can stretch across multiple pages, but only the first page contains the table header, leaving the remaining pages without column labels. A topic on one page may be referenced from a different page, so there can be complex inter-relationship amongst different topics in the same documents which needs to be structured in a machine-readable format. The document can be semi-structured as well (some parts are structured; some parts are unstructured or free text) The downstream applications might not always be AI-assisted (it can be core analytics dashboard or existing enterprise legacy system), so the structural storage of the digitized items from the documents need to be very well thought out before moving ahead with the solution. Motivation Behind High Level Approach A larger document (number of pages ~200) needs to be divided into smaller chunks so that it becomes readable and digestible (within context length) for the LLM. To make the content/input of the LLM truly context-aware, the references must be maintained across pages (for example, table headers of long and continuous tables need to be injected to those chunks which would have the tables without the headers). If a pre-defined set of topics/entities are being covered in the documents in consideration, then topic/entity-wise information needs to be extracted for making the system truly context-aware. Different chunks can cover similar topic/entity which becomes a search problem The retrieval needs to happen for every topic/entity so that all information related to one topic/entity are in a single place and as a result the downstream applications become efficient, scalable and reliable over time. Sample Architecture and Implementation Let’s take a possible approach to demonstrate the feasibility of the following architecture, building on the motivation outlined above. The solution divides a large, semi-structured document into manageable chunks, making it easier to maintain context and references across pages. First, the document is split into logical sections. Then, OCR and layout extraction capture both text and structure, followed by structure analysis to preserve semantic relationships. Annotated chunks are labeled and grouped by entity, enabling precise extraction of items such as key-value pairs or table data. As a result, the system efficiently transforms complex documents into structured, context-rich outputs ready for downstream analytics and automation. Architecture Components The key elements of the architecture diagram include components 1-6, which are code modules. Components 7 and 8 represent databases that store data chunks and extracted items, while component 9 refers to potential downstream systems that will use the structured data obtained from extraction. Chunking: Break documents into smaller, logical sections such as pages or content blocks. Enables parallel processing and improves context handling for large files. Technology: Python-based chunking logic using pdf2image and PIL for image handling. OCR & Layout Extraction: Convert scanned images into machine-readable text while capturing layout details like bounding boxes, tables, and reading order for structural integrity. Technology: Azure Document Intelligence or Microsoft Foundry Content Understanding Prebuilt Layout model combining OCR with deep learning for text, tables, and structure extraction. Context Aware Structural Analysis: Analyse the extracted layout to identify document components such as headers, paragraphs, and tables. Preserves semantic relationships for accurate interpretation. Technology: Custom Python logic leveraging OCR output to inject missing headers, summarize layout (row/column counts, sections per page). Labelling: Assign entity-based labels to chunks according to predefined schema or SME input. Helps filter irrelevant content and focus on meaningful sections. Technology: Azure OpenAI GPT-4.1-mini with NLI-style prompts for multi-class classification. Entity-Wise Grouping: Organize chunks by entity type (e.g., invoice number, total amount) for targeted extraction. Reduces noise and improves precision in downstream tasks. Technology: Azure AI Search with Hybrid Search and Semantic Reranking for grouping relevant chunks. Item Extraction: Extract specific values such as key-value pairs, line items, or table data from grouped chunks. Converts semi-structured content into structured fields. Technology: Azure OpenAI GPT-4.1-mini with Set of Marking style prompts using layout clues (row × column, headers, OCR text). Interim Chunk Storage: Store chunk-level data including OCR text, layout metadata, labels, and embeddings. Supports traceability, semantic search, and audit requirements. Technology: Azure AI Search for chunk indexing and Azure OpenAI Embedding models for semantic retrieval. Document Store: Maintain final extracted items with metadata and bounding boxes. Enables quick retrieval, validation, and integration with enterprise systems. Technology: Azure Cosmos DB, Azure SQL DB, Azure AI Search, or Microsoft Fabric depending on downstream needs (analytics, APIs, LLM apps). Downstream Integration: Deliver structured outputs (JSON, CSV, or database records) to business applications or APIs. Facilitates automation and analytics across workflows. Technology: REST APIs, Azure Functions, or Data Pipelines integrated with enterprise systems. Algorithms Consider these key algorithms when implementing the components above: Structural Analysis – Inject headers: Detect tables page by page; compare the last row of a table on page i with the first row of a table on page i+1, if column counts match and ≥4/5 style features (Font Weight, Background Colour, Font Style, Foreground Colour, Similar Font Family) match, mark it as a continuous table (header missing) and inject the previous page’s header into the next page’s table, repeating across pages. Labelling – Prompting Guide: Run NLI checks per SOC chunk image (ground on OCR text) across N curated entity labels, return {decision ∈ {ENTAILED, CONTRADICTED, NEUTRAL}, confidence ∈ [0,1]}, and output only labels where decision = ENTAILED and confidence > 0.7. Entity-Wise Grouping – Querying Chunks per Entity & Top‑50 Handling: Construct the query from the entity text and apply hybrid search with label filters for Azure AI Search, starting with chunks where the target label is sole, then expanding to observed co‑occurrence combinations under a cap to prevent explosion. If label frequency >50, run staged queries (sole‑label → capped co‑label combos); otherwise use a single hybrid search with semantic reranking, merge results and deduplicate before scoring. Entity-Wise Grouping – Chunk to Entity relevance scoring: For each retrieved chunk, split text into spans; compute cosine similarities to the entity text and take the mean s. Boost with a gated nonlinearity b=σ(k(s-m))⋅s. where σ is sigmoid function and k,m are tunables to emphasize mid-range relevance while suppressing very low s. Min–max normalize the re-ranker score r → r_norm; compute the final score F=α*b+(1-α)*r_norm, and keep the chunk iff F≥τ. Item Extraction – Prompting Guide: Provide the chunk image as an input and ground on visual structure (tables, headers, gridlines, alignment, typography) and document structural metadata to segment and align units; reconcile ambiguities via OCR extracted text, then enumerate associations by positional mapping (header ↔ column, row ↔ cell proximity) and emit normalized objects while filtering narrative/policy text by layout and pattern cues. Deployment at Scale There are several ways to implement a document extraction pipeline, each with its own pros and cons. The best deployment model depends on scenario requirements. Below are some common approaches with their advantages and disadvantages. Host as REST API Pros: Enables straightforward creation, customization, and deployment across scalable compute services such as Azure Kubernetes Service. Cons: Processing time and memory usage scale with document size and complexity, potentially requiring multiple iterations to optimize performance. Deploy as Azure Machine Learning (ML) Pipeline Pros: Facilitates efficient time and memory management, as Azure ML supports processing large datasets at scale. Cons: The pipeline may be more challenging to develop, customize, and maintain. Deploy as Azure Databricks Job Pros: Offers robust time and memory management similar to Azure ML, with advanced features such as Data Autoloader for detecting data changes and triggering pipeline execution. Cons: The solution is highly tailored to Azure Databricks and may have limited customization options. Deploy as Microsoft Fabric Pipeline Pros: Provides capabilities comparable to Azure ML and Databricks, and features like Fabric Activator replicate Databricks Autoloader functionality. Cons: Presents similar limitations found in Azure ML and Azure Databricks approaches. Each method should be carefully evaluated to ensure alignment with technical and operational requirements. Evaluation Objective: The aim is to evaluate how accurately a document extraction pipeline extracts information by comparing its output with manually verified data. Approach: Documents are split into sections, labelled, and linked to relevant entities; then, AI tools extract key items through the outlined pipeline mentioned above. The extracted data is checked against expert-curated records using both exact and approximate matching techniques. Key Metrics: Individual Item Attribute Match: Assesses the system’s ability to identify specific item attributes using strict and flexible comparison methods. Combined Item Attribute Match: Evaluates how well multiple attributes are identified together, considering both exact and fuzzy matches. Precision Calculation: Precision for each metric reflects the proportion of correctly matched entries compared to all reference entries. Findings for a real-world scenario: Fuzzy matching of item key attributes yields high precision (over 90%), but accuracy drops for key attribute combinations (between 43% and 48%). These results come from analysis across several datasets to ensure reliability. How This Addresses the Problem Statement The sample architecture described integrates sectioning, entity linking, and attribute extraction as foundational steps. Each extracted item is then evaluated against expert-curated datasets using both strict (exact) and flexible (fuzzy) matching algorithms. This approach directly addresses the problem statement by providing measurable metrics, such as individual and combined attribute match rates and precision calculations, that quantify the system’s reliability and highlight areas for improvement. Ultimately, this methodology ensures that the pipeline’s output is systematically validated, and its strengths and limitations are clearly understood in real-world contexts. Plausible Alternative Approaches No single approach fits every use case; the best method depends on factors like document complexity, structure, sensitivity, and length as well as the downstream application types, Consider these alternative approaches for different scenarios. Using Azure OpenAI alone Article: Best Practices for Structured Extraction from Documents Using Azure OpenAI Using Azure OpenAI + Azure Document Intelligence + Azure AI Search: RAG like solution Article 1: Document Field Extraction with Generative AI Article 2: Complex Data Extraction using Document Intelligence and RAG Article 3: Design and develop a RAG solution Using Azure OpenAI + Azure Document Intelligence + Azure AI Search: Non-RAG like solution Article: Using Azure AI Document Intelligence and Azure OpenAI to extract structured data from documents GitHub Repository: Content processing solution accelerator Conclusion Intelligent Document Processing for large semi-structured documents isn’t just about extracting data, it’s about building trust in that data. By combining Azure Document Intelligence for layout-aware OCR with OpenAI models for contextual understanding, we create a well thought out in-depth pipeline that is accurate, scalable, and resilient against complexity. Chunking strategies ensure context fits within model limits, while header injection and structural analysis preserve relationships across pages to make it context-aware. Entity-based grouping and semantic retrieval transform scattered content into organized, query-ready data. Finally, rigorous evaluation with scalable ground truth strategy roadmap, using precision, recall, and fuzzy matching, closes the loop, ensuring reliability for downstream systems. This pattern delivers more than automation; it establishes a foundation for compliance, analytics, and AI-driven workflows at enterprise scale. In short, it’s a blueprint for turning chaotic document into structured intelligence, efficient, governed, and future-ready for any kind of downstream applications. References Azure Content Understanding in Foundry Tools Azure Document Intelligence in Foundry Tools Azure OpenAI in Microsoft Foundry models Azure AI Search Azure Machine Learning (ML) Pipelines Azure Databricks Job Microsoft Fabric PipelineAzure Resiliency: Proactive Continuity with Agentic Experiences and Frontier Innovation
Introduction In today’s digital-first world, even brief downtime can disrupt revenue, reputation, and operations. Azure’s new resiliency capabilities empower organizations to anticipate and withstand disruptions—embedding continuity into every layer of their business. At Microsoft Ignite, we’re unveiling a new era of resiliency in Azure, powered by agentic experiences. The new Azure Copilot resiliency agent brings AI-driven workflows that proactively detect vulnerabilities, automate backups, and integrate cyber recovery for ransomware protection. IT teams can instantly assess risks and deploy solutions across infrastructure, data, and cyber recovery—making resiliency a living capability, not just a checklist. The Evolution from Azure Business Continuity Center to Resiliency in Azure Microsoft is excited to announce that the Azure Business Continuity Center (ABCC) is evolving into resiliency capabilities in Azure. This evolution expands its scope from traditional backup and disaster recovery to a holistic resiliency framework. This new experience is delivered directly in the Azure Portal, providing integrated dashboards, actionable recommendations, and one-click access to remediation—so teams can manage resiliency where they already operate. Learn more about this: Resiliency. To see the new experience, visit the Azure Portal. The Three Pillars of Resiliency Azure’s resiliency strategy is anchored in three foundational pillars, each designed to address a distinct dimension of operational continuity: Infrastructure Resiliency: Built-in redundancy and zonal/regional management keep workloads running during disruptions. The resiliency agent in Azure Copilot automates posture checks, risk detection, and remediation. Data Resiliency: Automated backup and disaster recovery meet RPO/RTO and compliance needs across Azure, on-premises, and hybrid. Cyber Recovery: Isolated recovery vaults, immutable backups, and AI-driven insights defend against ransomware and enable rapid restoration. With these foundational pillars in place, organizations can adopt a lifecycle approach to resiliency—ensuring continuity from day one and adapting as their needs evolve. The Lifecycle Approach: Start Resilient, Get Resilient, Stay Resilient While the pillars define what resiliency protects, the lifecycle stages in resiliency journey define how organizations implement and sustain it over time. For the full framework, see the prior blog; below we focus on what’s new and practical. The resiliency agent in Azure Copilot empowers organizations to embed resiliency at every stage of their cloud journey—making proactive continuity achievable from day one and sustainable over time. Start Resilient: With the new resiliency agent, teams can “Start Resilient” by leveraging guided experiences and automated posture assessments that help design resilient workloads before deployment. The agent surfaces architecture gaps, validates readiness, and recommends best practices—ensuring resiliency is built in from the outset, not bolted on later. Get Resilient: As organizations scale, the resiliency agent enables them to “Get Resilient” by providing estate-wide visibility, automated risk assessments, and configuration recommendations. AI-driven insights help identify blind spots, remediate risks, and accelerate the adoption of resilient-by-default architectures—so resiliency is actively achieved across all workloads, not just planned. Stay Resilient: To “Stay Resilient,” the resiliency agent delivers continuous validation, monitoring, and improvement. Automated failure simulations, real-time monitoring, and attestation reporting allow teams to proactively test recovery workflows and ensure readiness for evolving threats. One-click failover and ongoing posture checks help sustain compliance and operational continuity, making resiliency a living capability that adapts as your business and technology landscape changes Best Practices for Proactive Continuity in Resiliency To enable proactive continuity, organizations should: Architect for high availability across multiple availability zones and regions (prioritize Tier-0/1 workloads). Automate recovery with Azure Site Recovery and failover playbooks for orchestrated, rapid restoration. Leverage integrated zonal resiliency experiences to uncover blind spots and receive tailored recommendations. Continuously validate using Chaos Studio to simulate outages and test recovery workflows. Monitor SLAs, RPO/RTO, and posture metrics with Azure Monitor and Policy; iterate for ongoing improvement. Use the Azure Copilot resiliency agent for AI-driven posture assessments, remediation scripts, and cost analysis to streamline operations. Conclusion & Next Steps Resiliency capabilities in Azure unifies infrastructure, data, and cyber recovery while guiding organizations to start, get, and stay resilient. Teams adopting these capabilities see faster posture improvements, less manual effort, and continuous operational continuity. This marks a fundamental shift—from reactive recovery to proactive continuity. By embedding resiliency as a living capability, Azure empowers organizations to anticipate, withstand, and recover from disruptions, adapting to new threats and evolving business needs. Organizations adopting Resiliency in Azure see measurable impact: Accelerated posture improvement with AI-driven insights and actionable recommendations. Less manual effort through automation and integrated recovery workflows. Continuous operational continuity via ongoing validation and monitoring Ready to take the next step? Explore these resources and sessions: Resiliency in Azure (Portal) Resiliency in Azure (Learn Docs) Agents (preview) in Azure Copilot Resiliency Solutions Reliability Guides by Service Azure Essentials Azure Accelerate Ignite Announcement Key Ignite 2025 Sessions to Watch: Resilience by Design: Secure, Scalable, AI-Ready Cloud with Azure (BRK217) Resiliency & Recovery with Azure Backup and Site Recovery (BRK146) Architect Resilient Apps with Azure Backup and Reliability Features (BRK148) Architecting for Resiliency on Azure Infrastructure (BRK178) All sessions are available on demand—perfect for catching up or sharing with your team. Browse the full session catalog and start building resiliency by default today.Building AI Agents: Workflow-First vs. Code-First vs. Hybrid
AI Agents are no longer just a developer’s playground. They’re becoming essential for enterprise automation, decision-making, and customer engagement. But how do you build them? Do you go workflow-first with drag-and-drop designers, code-first with SDKs, or adopt a hybrid approach that blends both worlds? In this article, I’ll walk you through the landscape of AI Agent design. We’ll look at workflow-first approaches with drag-and-drop designers, code-first approaches using SDKs, and hybrid models that combine both. The goal is to help you understand the options and choose the right path for your organization. Why AI Agents Need Orchestration Before diving into tools and approaches, let’s talk about why orchestration matters. AI Agents are not just single-purpose bots anymore. They often need to perform multi-step reasoning, interact with multiple systems, and adapt to dynamic workflows. Without orchestration, these agents can become siloed and fail to deliver real business value. Here’s what I’ve observed as the key drivers for orchestration: Complexity of Enterprise Workflows Modern business processes involve multiple applications, data sources, and decision points. AI Agents need a way to coordinate these steps seamlessly. Governance and Compliance Enterprises require control over how AI interacts with sensitive data and systems. Orchestration frameworks provide guardrails for security and compliance. Scalability and Maintainability A single agent might work fine for a proof of concept, but scaling to hundreds of workflows requires structured orchestration to avoid chaos. Integration with Existing Systems AI Agents rarely operate in isolation. They need to plug into ERP systems, CRMs, and custom apps. Orchestration ensures these integrations are reliable and repeatable. In short, orchestration is the backbone that turns AI Agents from clever prototypes into enterprise-ready solutions. Behind the Scenes I’ve always been a pro-code guy. I started my career on open-source coding in Unix and hardly touched the mouse. Then I discovered Visual Studio, and it completely changed my perspective. It showed me the power of a hybrid approach, the best of both worlds. That said, I won’t let my experience bias your ideas of what you’d like to build. This blog is about giving you the full picture so you can make the choice that works best for you. Workflow-First Approach Workflow-first platforms are more than visual designers and not just about drag-and-drop simplicity. They represent a design paradigm where orchestration logic is abstracted into declarative models rather than imperative code. These tools allow you to define agent behaviors, event triggers, and integration points visually, while the underlying engine handles state management, retries, and scaling. For architects, this means faster prototyping and governance baked into the platform. For developers, it offers extensibility through connectors and custom actions without sacrificing enterprise-grade reliability. Copilot Studio Building conversational agents becomes intuitive with a visual designer that maps prompts, actions, and connectors into structured flows. Copilot Studio makes this possible by integrating enterprise data and enabling agents to automate tasks and respond intelligently without deep coding. Building AI Agents using Copilot Studio Design conversation flows with adaptive prompts Integrate Microsoft Graph for contextual responses Add AI-driven actions using Copilot extensions Support multi-turn reasoning for complex queries Enable secure access to enterprise data sources Extend functionality through custom connectors Logic Apps Adaptive workflows and complex integrations are handled through a robust orchestration engine. Logic Apps introduces Agent Loop, allowing agents to reason iteratively, adapt workflows, and interact with multiple systems in real time. Building AI Agents using Logic Apps Implement Agent Loop for iterative reasoning Integrate Azure OpenAI for goal-driven decisions Access 1,400+ connectors for enterprise actions Support human-in-the-loop for critical approvals Enable multi-agent orchestration for complex tasks Provide observability and security for agent workflows Power Automate Multi-step workflows can be orchestrated across business applications using AI Builder models or external AI APIs. Power Automate enables agents to make decisions, process data, and trigger actions dynamically, all within a low-code environment. Building AI Agents using Power Automate Automate repetitive tasks with minimal effort Apply AI Builder for predictions and classification Call Azure OpenAI for natural language processing Integrate with hundreds of enterprise connectors Trigger workflows based on real-time events Combine flows with human approvals for compliance Azure AI Foundry Visual orchestration meets pro-code flexibility through Prompt Flow and Connected Agents, enabling multi-step reasoning flows while allowing developers to extend capabilities through SDKs. Azure AI Foundry is ideal for scenarios requiring both agility and deep customization. Building AI Agents using Azure AI Foundry Design reasoning flows visually with Prompt Flow Orchestrate multi-agent systems using Connected Agents Integrate with VS Code for advanced development Apply governance and deployment pipelines for production Use Azure OpenAI models for adaptive decision-making Monitor workflows with built-in observability tools Microsoft Agent Framework (Preview) I’ve been exploring Microsoft Agent Framework (MAF), an open-source foundation for building AI agents that can run anywhere. It integrates with Azure AI Foundry and Azure services, enabling multi-agent workflows, advanced memory services, and visual orchestration. With public preview live and GA coming soon, MAF is shaping how we deliver scalable, flexible agentic solutions. Enterprise-scale orchestration is achieved through graph-based workflows, human-in-the-loop approvals, and observability features. The Microsoft Agent Framework lays the foundation for multi-agent systems that are durable and compliant. Building AI Agents using Microsoft Agent Framework Coordinate multiple specialized agents in a graph Implement durable workflows with pause and resume Support human-in-the-loop for controlled autonomy Integrate with Azure AI Foundry for hosting and governance Enable observability through OpenTelemetry integration Provide SDK flexibility for custom orchestration patterns Visual-first platforms make building AI Agents feel less like coding marathons and more like creative design sessions. They’re perfect for those scenarios when you’d rather design than debug and still want the option to dive deeper when complexity calls. Pro-Code Approach Remember I told you how I started as a pro-code developer early in my career and later embraced a hybrid approach? I’ll try to stay neutral here as we explore the pro-code world. Pro-code frameworks offer integration with diverse ecosystems, multi-agent coordination, and fine-grained control over logic. While workflow-first and pro-code approaches both provide these capabilities, the difference lies in how they balance factors such as ease of development, ease of maintenance, time to deliver, monitoring capabilities, and other non-functional requirements. Choosing the right path often depends on which of these trade-offs matter most for your scenario. LangChain When I first explored LangChain, it felt like stepping into a developer’s playground for AI orchestration. I could stitch together prompts, tools, and APIs like building blocks, and I enjoyed the flexibility. It reminded me why pro-code approaches appeal to those who want full control over logic and integration with diverse ecosystems. Building AI Agents using LangChain Define custom chains for multi-step reasoning [it is called Lang“Chain”] Integrate external APIs and tools for dynamic actions Implement memory for context-aware conversations Support multi-agent collaboration through orchestration patterns Extend functionality with custom Python modules Deploy agents across cloud environments for scalability Semantic Kernel I’ve worked with Semantic Kernel when I needed more control over orchestration logic, and what stood out was its flexibility. It provides both .NET and Python SDKs, which makes it easy to combine natural language prompts with traditional programming logic. I found the planners and skills especially useful for breaking down goals into smaller steps, and connectors helped integrate external systems without reinventing the wheel. Building AI Agents using Semantic Kernel Create semantic functions for prompt-driven tasks Use planners for dynamic goal decomposition Integrate plugins for external system access Implement memory for persistent context across sessions Combine AI reasoning with deterministic code logic Enable observability and telemetry for enterprise monitoring Microsoft Agent Framework (Preview) Although I introduced MAF in the earlier section, its SDK-first design makes it relevant here as well for advanced orchestration and the pro-code nature… and so I’ll probably write this again in the Hybrid section. The Agent Framework is designed for developers who need full control over multi-agent orchestration. It provides a pro-code approach for defining agent behaviors, implementing advanced coordination patterns, and integrating enterprise-grade observability. Building AI Agents using Microsoft Agent Framework Define custom orchestration logic using SDK APIs Implement graph-based workflows for multi-agent coordination Extend agent capabilities with custom code modules Apply durable execution patterns with pause and resume Integrate OpenTelemetry for detailed monitoring and debugging Securely host and manage agents through Azure AI Foundry integration Hybrid Approach and decision framework I’ve always been a fan of both worlds, the flexibility of pro-code and the simplicity of workflow drag-and-drop style IDEs and GUIs. A hybrid approach is not about picking one over the other; it’s about balancing them. In practice, this to me means combining the speed and governance of workflow-first platforms with the extensibility and control of pro-code frameworks. Hybrid design shines when you need agility without sacrificing depth. For example, I can start with Copilot Studio to build a conversational agent using its visual designer. But if the scenario demands advanced logic or integration, I can call an Azure Function for custom processing, trigger a Logic Apps workflow for complex orchestration, or even invoke the Microsoft Agent Framework for multi-agent coordination. This flexibility delivers the best of both worlds, low-code for rapid development (remember RAD?) and pro-code for enterprise-grade customization with complex logic or integrations. Why go Hybrid Ø Balance speed and control: Rapid prototyping with workflow-first tools, deep customization with code. Ø Extend functionality: Call APIs, Azure Functions, or SDK-based frameworks from visual workflows. Ø Optimize for non-functional requirements: Address maintainability, monitoring, and scalability without compromising ease of development. Ø Enable interoperability: Combine connectors, plugins, and open standards for diverse ecosystems. Ø Support multi-agent orchestration: Integrate workflow-driven agents with pro-code agents for complex scenarios. The hybrid approach for building AI Agents is not just a technical choice but a design philosophy. When I need rapid prototyping or business automation, workflow-first is my choice. For multi-agent orchestration and deep customization, I go with code-first. Hybrid makes sense for regulated industries and large-scale deployments where flexibility and compliance are critical. The choice isn’t binary, it’s strategic. I’ve worked with both workflow-first tools like Copilot Studio, Power Automate, and Logic Apps, and pro-code frameworks such as LangChain, Semantic Kernel, and the Microsoft Agent Framework. Each approach has its strengths, and the decision often comes down to what matters most for your scenario. If rapid prototyping and business automation are priorities, workflow-first platforms make sense. When multi-agent orchestration, deep customization, and integration with diverse ecosystems are critical, pro-code frameworks give you the flexibility and control you need. Hybrid approaches bring both worlds together for regulated industries and large-scale deployments where governance, observability, and interoperability cannot be compromised. Understanding these trade-offs will help you create AI Agents that work so well, you’ll wonder if they’re secretly applying for your job! About the author Pradyumna (Prad) Harish is a Technology leader in the WW GSI Partner Organization at Microsoft. He has 26 years of experience in Product Engineering, Partner Development, Presales, and Delivery. Responsible for revenue growth through Cloud, AI, Cognitive Services, ML, Data & Analytics, Integration, DevOps, Open-Source Software, Enterprise Architecture, IoT, Digital strategies and other innovative areas for business generation and transformation; achieving revenue targets via extensive experience in managing global functions, global accounts, products, and solution architects across over 26 countries.
Selecting the Right Agentic Solution on Azure – Part 2 (Security)
Let’s pick up from where we left off in the previous post — Selecting the Right Agentic Solution on Azure - Part 1. Earlier, we explored a decision tree to help identify the most suitable Azure service for building your agentic solution. Following that discussion, we received several requests to dive deeper into the security considerations for each of these services. In this post, we’ll examine the security aspects of each option, one by one. But before going ahead and looking at the security perspective I highly recommend looking at list of Azure AI Services Technologies made available by Microsoft. This list is inclusive of all those services which were part of erstwhile cognitive services and latest additions. Workflows with AI agents and models in Azure Logic Apps (Preview) – This approach focuses on running your agents as an action or as part of an “agent loop” with multiple actions within Azure Logic Apps. It’s important not to confuse this with the alternative setup, where Azure Logic Apps integrates with AI Agents in the Foundry Agent Service—either as a tool or as a trigger. (Announcement: Power your Agents in Azure AI Foundry Agent Service with Azure Logic Apps | Microsoft Community Hub). In that scenario, your agents are hosted under the Azure AI Foundry Agent Service, which we’ll discuss separately below. Although, to create an agent workflow, you’ll need to establish a connection—either to Azure OpenAI or to an Azure AI Foundry project for connecting to a model. When connected to a Foundry project, you can view agents and threads directly within that project’s lists. Since agents here run as Logic Apps actions, their security is governed by the Logic Apps security framework. Let’s look at the key aspects: Easy Auth or App Service Auth (Preview) - Agent workflows often integrate with a broader range of systems—models, MCPs, APIs, agents, and even human interactions. You can secure these workflows using Easy Auth, which integrates with Microsoft Entra ID for authentication and authorization. Read more here: Protect Agent Workflows with Easy Auth - Azure Logic Apps | Microsoft Learn. Securing and Encrypting Data at Rest - Azure Logic Apps stores data in Azure Storage, which uses Microsoft-managed keys for encryption by default. You can further enhance security by: Restricting access to Logic App operations via Azure RBAC Limiting access to run history data Securing inputs and outputs Controlling parameter access for webhook-triggered workflows Managing outbound call access to external services More info here: Secure access and data in workflows - Azure Logic Apps | Microsoft Learn. Secure Data at transit – When exposing your Logic App as an HTTP(S) endpoint, consider using: Azure API Management for access policies and documentation Azure Application Gateway or Azure Front Door for WAF (Web Application Firewall) protection. I highly recommend the labs provided by Logic Apps Product Group to learn more about Agentic Workflows: https://azure.github.io/logicapps-labs/docs/intro. Azure AI Foundry Agent Service – As of this writing, the Azure AI Foundry Agent Service abstracts the underlying infrastructure where your agents run. Microsoft manages this secure environment, so you don’t need to handle compute, network, or storage resources—though bring-your-own-storage is an option. Securing and Encrypting Data at Rest - Microsoft guarantees that your prompts and outputs remain private—never shared with other customers or AI providers (such as OpenAI or Meta). Data (from messages, threads, runs, and uploads) is encrypted using AES-256. It remains stored in the same region where the Agent Service is deployed. You can optionally use Customer-Managed Keys (CMK) for encryption. Read more here: Data, privacy, and security for Azure AI Agent Service - Azure AI Services | Microsoft Learn. Network Security – The service allows integration with your private virtual network using a private endpoint. Note: There are known limitations, such as subnet IP restrictions, the need for a dedicated agent subnet, same-region requirements, and limited regional availability. Read more here: How to use a virtual network with the Azure AI Foundry Agent Service - Azure AI Foundry | Microsoft Learn. Secure Data at transit – Upcoming enhancements include API Management support (soon in Public Preview) for AI APIs, including Model APIs, Tool APIs/MCP servers, and Agent APIs. Here is another great article about using APIM to safeguard HTTP APIs exposed by Azure OpenAI that let your applications perform embeddings or completions by using OpenAI's language models. Agent Orchestrators – We’ve introduced the Agent Framework, which succeeds both AutoGen and Semantic Kernel. According to the product group, it combines the best capabilities of both predecessors. Support for Semantic Kernel and related documentation for AutoGen will continue to be available for some time to allow users to transition smoothly to the new framework. When discussing the security aspects of agent orchestrators, it’s important to note that these considerations also extend to the underlying services hosting them—whether on AKS or Container Apps. However, this discussion will not focus on the security features of those hosting environments, as comprehensive resources already exist for them. Instead, we’ll focus on common security concerns applicable across different orchestrators, including AutoGen, Semantic Kernel, and other frameworks such as LlamaIndex, LangGraph, or LangChain. Key areas to consider include (but are not limited to): Secure Secrets / Key Management Avoid hard-coding secrets (e.g., API keys for Foundry, OpenAI, Anthropic, Pinecone, etc.). Use secret management solutions such as Azure Key Vault or environment variables. Encrypt secrets at rest and enforce strict limits on scope and lifetime. Access Control & Least Privilege Grant each agent or tool only the minimum required permissions. Implement Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and enforce least privilege principles. Use strong authentication (e.g., OAuth2, Azure AD) for administrative or tool-level access. Restrict the scope of external service credentials (e.g., read-only vs. write) and rotate them regularly. Isolation / Sandboxing Isolate plugin execution and use inter-process separation as needed. Prevent user inputs from executing arbitrary code on the host. Apply resource limits for model or function execution to mitigate abuse. Sensitive Data Protection Encrypt data both at rest and in transit. Mask or remove PII before sending data to models. Avoid persisting sensitive context unnecessarily. Ensure logs and memory do not inadvertently expose secrets or user data. Prompt & Query Security Sanitize or escape user input in custom query engines or chat interfaces. Protect against prompt injection by implementing guardrails to monitor and filter prompts. Set context length limits and use safe output filters (e.g., profanity filters, regex validators). Observability, Logging & Auditing Maintain comprehensive logs, including tool invocations, agent decisions, and execution paths. Continuously monitor for anomalies or unexpected behaviour. I hope this overview assists you in evaluating and implementing the appropriate security measures for your chosen agentic solution.Agentic Integration with SAP, ServiceNow, and Salesforce
Copilot/Copilot Studio Integration with SAP (No Code) By integrating SAP Cloud Identity Services with Microsoft Entra ID, organizations can establish secure, federated identity management across platforms. This configuration enables Microsoft Copilot and Teams to seamlessly connect with SAP’s Joule digital assistant, supporting natural language interactions and automating business processes efficiently. Key Resources as given in SAP docs (Image courtesy SAP): Configuring SAP Cloud Identity Services and Microsoft Entra ID for Joule Enable Microsoft Copilot and Teams to Pass Requests to Joule Copilot Studio Integration with ServiceNow and Salesforce (No Code) Integration with ServiceNow and Salesforce, has two main approaches: Copilot Agents using Copilot Studio: Custom agents can be built in Copilot Studio to interact directly with Salesforce CRM data or ServiceNow knowledge bases and helpdesk tickets. This enables organizations to automate sales and support processes using conversational AI. Create a custom sales agent using your Salesforce CRM data (YouTube) ServiceNow Connect Knowledge Base + Helpdesk Tickets (YouTube) 3rd Party Agents using Copilot for Service Agent: Microsoft Copilot can be embedded within Salesforce and ServiceNow interfaces, providing users with contextual assistance and workflow automation directly inside these platforms. Set up the embedded experience in Salesforce Set up the embedded experience in ServiceNow MCP or Agent-to-Agent (A2A) Interoperability (Pro Code) - (Image courtesy SAP) If you choose a pro-code approach, you can either implement the Model Context Protocol (MCP) in a client/server setup for SAP, ServiceNow, and Salesforce, or leverage existing agents for these third-party services using Agent-to-Agent (A2A) integration. Depending on your requirements, you may use either method individually or combine them. The recently released Azure Agent Framework offers practical examples for both MCP and A2A implementations. Below is the detailed SAP reference architecture, illustrating how A2A solutions can be layered on top of SAP systems to enable modular, scalable automation and data exchange. Agent2Agent Interoperability | SAP Architecture Center Logic Apps as Integration Actions Logic Apps is the key component of Azure Integration platform. Just like so many other connectors it has connectors for all this three platforms (SAP, ServiceNow, Salesforce). Logic Apps can be invoked from custom Agent (built in action in Foundry) or Copilot Agent. Same can be said for Power Platform/Automate as well. Conclusion This article provides a comprehensive overview of how Microsoft Copilot, Copilot Studio, Foundry by A2A/MCP, and Azure Logic Apps can be combined to deliver robust, agentic integrations with SAP, ServiceNow, and Salesforce. The narrative highlights the importance of secure identity federation, modular agent orchestration, and low-code/pro-code automation in building next-generation enterprise solutions.
