ntdl.dll caused a breakpoint exception (0x80000003)

Hello,

I am experiencing with IIS 10 on Windows Server 2022 Datacenter.

The issue started after an in-place server upgrade from Windows Server 2012 to 2022 (I jumped to 2016 first).

All the application pools in IIS crash when we try to run the websites.

I used DebugDiag to create a dump and try to analyze it.

The results show that the process w3wp crashes with the module ntdl.dll designed as the culprit.

Unfortunately, all my searches didn't provide enough information to resolve the issue.

Has anyone ever encountered that error before?

Is there something I am missing?