Work or school account disappeared from user account on a Azure AD joined device

Michiel van den Broekif you don't mind, try clearing your credential manager completely. You can do this with the following command.

for /F "tokens=1,2 delims= " %G in ('cmdkey /list ^| findstr Target') do  cmdkey /delete %H

Maybe you can try to remove your license from Office - hoping it would trigger the login window.

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/activation/reset-office-365-proplus-activation-state

Thank you.