Hi woter , let me try and help answer your questions and for the sake of future readers new to Arduino and/or Azure RTOS, I want to use this opportunity to clarify some things.
In short:
To find boards that support Azure RTOS, check out our partners https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/rtos/?msclkid=ae6e991ea55311ec823ea496f0ded184#partners.
You can run Azure RTOS on some Arduino boards as solution-squad points out in their response.
For the application you are trying to build, I don't think you get much from Azure RTOS and I believe you can use an Arduino board + the library discussed in this post (assuming your Arduino board has network + TLS capabilities) to connect it to Azure IoT and implement the rest in the Cloud. You will find a list of the Arduino Compatible boards this library has been tested with in the library repo at https://aka.ms/arduino
Longer answer to help clarify Arduino vs. Azure RTOS:
Arduino is a term used loosely to describe several things (depending on the context): it's a company, open source hardware, open source software/middleware and a community, not just the hardware.
You can indeed buy hardware kits from Arduino (Arduino UNO, Zero,...), but you can also purchase Arduino-compatible hardware from other vendors and distributors (Adafruit, Sparkfun, Seeed Studios,...).
At the end of the day Arduino, as a hardware + software technology, aims at simplifying the programming of hardware (accessing and interacting with hardware and sensors resources).
Arduino hardware and software are primarily used for prototyping and hobbyist projects. Few commercial products use Arduino hardware or software for many reasons including cost, certifiability, ...
Azure RTOS is a Real Time Operating System designed for industrial or commercial scenarios and that supports a specific set of hardware. It is a set of libraries that can be used separately (Real Time scheduler, Network management, USB management, File system management, Embedded User Interface, Azure connectivity). It is licensed to hardware manufacturers and final customers usually buy the bundle (hardware + Azure RTOS) and don't pay for the Azure RTOS license as it comes with the hardware. You can find the list of our partners carrying boards supported by Azure RTOS https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/rtos/?msclkid=ae6e991ea55311ec823ea496f0ded184#partners. You can get and use Azure RTOS for free on one of the supported hardware, but you can't ship commercial products without the license. You can also try and port Azure RTOS to hardware not in the supported list, but that's embedded developer work that is not trivial and once again won't allow you to go to production without a license. You can also find ports from communities like the one mentioned by solution-squad.
The "Azure" in "Azure RTOS" is not making it different from other embedded operating systems like Free RTOS or middleware like Arduino in terms of connectivity to Azure as you can use our open source SDKs and libraries to connect pretty much anything that supports connecting to the Internet and can do TLS. As a matter of fact this very blog post is about introducing the library that allows connecting an Arduino-Compatible device easily to Azure IoT.