Exchange Noob - yes, from purely a CPU perspective, this server platform could support active 10,000 200 message profile mailboxes while at a 100% CPU utilization. The recommendation would be to scale back the solution to no more than 80% CPU utilization (otherwise your server and users are in for a world of hurt), so this would be more like 8500 200 message profile mailboxes.
However, you still need to think about storage, memory, db design, multi-role, and network impacts, all of which, may decrease the active mailbox count. Not to mention, this would be the number of active mailboxes during the worst failure mode, not during normal run time operations.
Ross