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There’s still life in the old dog yet: Even though many consider smart cards as obsolete, with MFA phishing becoming an increasing significant threat, this authentication method is experiencing a renaissance. In other scenarios, smart cards are regulatory requirements or simply a phishing-resistant MFA method which has already been deployed to every user in the organization and only needs to be extended to the cloud. 

\n

However, the only method of authentication towards Active Directory using a smart card certificate is via the Kerberos PKINITextension (which obviously requires Kerberos authentication) and only works with “line of sight” to a Domain Controller (e.g. through VPN). This is because for security reasons, NLA (Network Level Authentication) for RDP is enforced. NLA falls back to NTLM when there is no line of sight between the client and the Domain Controller. To overcome this problem, we must implement a KDC proxy. 

\n

Although there is documentation for KDC proxy, I stumbled into some traps when implementing it for the first time in a PAW (Privileged Access Workstation) to AVD (Azure Virtual Desktop) scenario, in which the PAW was Entra joined only and NOT domain-joined. That’s why I decided to write down my learnings. 

\n

Please note  

\n\n\n\n

KDC Proxy in a Nutshell

\n

The KDC (Key Distribution Center) proxy is a service that runs a web listener at https://+:443/kdcproxy and relays Kerberos messages to a Domain Controller for the clients inside a TLS tunnel. Clients know that a proxy exists via a GPO/Intune/registry/RDP setting, so if they cannot reach a DC over Kerberos, they will try the proxy instead. 

\n

Please note  

\n\n\n

KDC Proxy & AVDs 

\n

When it comes to KDC proxy and AVDs, there are two components to the Azure Virtual Desktop service that need to be authenticated: 

\n\n\n

Communication & Certificates 

\n

Different certificates are involved in the logon process and as many folks struggle when it comes to certificates, the diagrams below show the key facts about the authentication flow and certificates involved: 

\n

The KDC proxy relays Kerberos messages (authentication and change password messages) between client and DC. For obvious reasons these messages must travel through the Internet only inside a TLS tunnel (Fig.1 (1)). To terminate this tunnel the server hosting the KDC proxy must be accessible through port 443 from the Internet and present a certificate (Fig.1 (2))...  

\n\n\n\n

An Admin configures the KDC proxy name (“kdc-proxy.fabrikam.com” in the diagram below) in the AVD’s properties (Fig.1 (3)). 

\n\n

Fig.1 

\n

The user connects to AVD in the Windows app. After successful authentication to Entra ID (Fig.2 (4)) the user will authenticate to the KDC proxy using the smart card certificate (TLS client certificate authentication (Fig.2 (5))). 

\n

The KDC proxy relies on DC location (MS-NRPC) to find KDCs and then relays the Kerberos messages coming from the client to the DC and back again (Fig.2 (6)). 

\n\n

Fig.2 

\n

User authenticates with Kerberos-based smart card authentication (PKInit) to AD (Fig.3 (7)). PKInit is mutual authentication which is why the DC also needs a certificate (Fig.3 (8)). Finally, the user accesses the AVD via a TLS tunnel Fig.3 (9)). 

\n\n

Fig.3 

\n

Implementation 

\n

Prerequisite: Domain Controller Certificates 

\n

Smart card authentication in Active Directory- regardless of the KDC proxy – is based on a Kerberos extension called PKInit and requires the DCs to have certificates in place. We recommend using the Kerberos Authentication certificate template when using AD Certificate Services. The DC certificates must meet the following certificate requirements and enumeration: 

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

a) Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1), Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) and Smart Card Logon (1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2).

\n

b) Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1) and KDC Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.2.3.5) à RECOMMENDED!  

\n

c) ...or have the value DomainController, encoded as a BMPstring (NOT RECOMMENDED!) 

\n\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The NTAuth store is an object in the Services partition of AD. CA certificates which are trustworthy for AD authentication are published to the NTAuth object and from there replicated to the Enterprise certificate store on all members of the AD Forest. Smart card authentication or Windows Hello for Business (Key Trust or Certificate Trust) only work with the issuing CA certificate published to NTAuth. 
\n
\n

Whether it is about KDC proxy or not, we recommend enabling the following features for smart card authentication: 

\n

PKInit Freshness Extension is an enhancement to the PKInit protocol which ensures that the client possesses the private key used for authentication in the moment of authentication. Otherwise, a client could generate requests with future time stamps and then send those requests at some time in future (e.g. when the user has removed the smart card from the device).. 

\n

Strict KDC Validation is a security feature in Kerberos authentication that ensures the integrity and authenticity of the KDC. It involves a more restrictive set of criteria to validate the KDC's certificate, mainly it requires a KDC certificate with an EKU of “KDC Authentication” (see option b. above). 

\n

KDC Proxy – Installation and Configuration 

\n

The KDC proxy KDC service is a component which automatically comes with the Remote Desktop Services Gateway role in Windows Server 2016 and later. The installation of this role is described in detail at Deploy Remote Desktop Gateway role for Remote Desktop Services | Microsoft Learn. 

\n

Some additional information you might find very helpful: 

\n\n\n\n\n

Additional recommendations to further improve security: 

\n\n\n

KDC Proxy - Configuration in Azure AVD Settings 

\n

Clients will use the Windows app to connect to the AVD session host (AVD access via the browser does not work with smart card authentication). What is configured in the AVD session host’s RDP Properties, will be pushed to the clients. 

\n

To configure the KDC proxy: 

\n
    \n
  1. Sign in to the Azure portal as an administrator. 
  2. \n
  3. Go to the Azure Virtual Desktop page. 
  4. \n
  5. Select the host pool you want to enable the KDC proxy for, then select RDP Properties. 
  6. \n
  7. Select the Connection information tab, then enter a value in the following format without spaces: 
    kdcproxyname:s: <public KDC proxy name as registered in DNS> 
  8. \n
\n

 

\n\n

Fig.4 

\n

5. Select Save. 

\n

6. The selected host pool should now begin to issue RDP connection files that include the kdcproxyname value you provided in step 4. 

\n

Please note: There is no need for configuration of the KDC Proxy URL on the client as it is pushed to the Windows app through the AVD settings.  

\n

Client Configuration: Trust & Revocation Check 

\n

The client must regard the KDC proxy’s certificate as trustworthy. This requires: 

\n\n\n

In case the client is joined to an AD domain, the CA certificate which issued the DC certificate must be present in the client’s NTAuth store. In case the client is not joined to an AD domain, this is not required. 

\n

Troubleshooting 

\n

In case the smart card authentication via the KDC Proxy does not work, you will see the following error message in most scenarios: 

\n\n

 Unfortunately, it is very generic and to dig deeper into the problem, we need to investigate different locations in the Windows Event Log. 

\n

Event Logs Overview 

\n

The following event logs can provide useful information for troubleshooting: 

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
componentlogging options
client\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > CAPI2 (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
KDC proxy \n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Kerberos-KdcProxy/Operational (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > CAPI2 (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n\n
\n
\n

Some Troubleshooting Scenarios 

\n

Please find some very common troubleshooting scenarios below.  

\n

KDC Proxy: Port 443 not opened, wrong URL configured on Client, DNS issue... 

\n

On the KDC Proxy, check Eventviewer à Microsoft à Windows à Kerberos-KdcProxy/Operational. Event ID 400 indicates that a client is talking to the KDC Proxy.  

\n\n

You don’t see this event? Looks like nobody would be talking to your proxy. Check firewall, DNS resolution and the KDC proxy URL configured on the client. 

\n

Client: KDC Proxy Certificate not trusted 

\n

In case you see an error referring to the KDC Proxy public URL in CAPI2 log, the KDC proxy server’s certificate cannot chain up to a trusted Root CA. Ensure that the corresponding Root CA certificate is present in the client’s Trusted Root Certification Authorities store. 

\n\n

Client: Revocation Check on the KDC Proxy Certificate failed 

\n

CAPI2 

\n

This error indicates that the revocation checks on the KDC proxy failed. Please keep in mind that this is executed in system context (lsass.exe). Ensure that the CRL (or OCSP) is accessible in the security context of the client computer. 

\n\n

Security-Kerberos 

\n

In Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos the following event is logged. 

\n\n

Credential Guard enabled on the Client 

\n

With Credential Guard enabled on the client, proxying Kerberos messages will not work.  

\n

In Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos on the client the following event is logged: Export of supplemental credentials attempted. This is unsupported with credential guard. 

","body@stringLength":"51520","rawBody":"

There’s still life in the old dog yet: Even though many consider smart cards as obsolete, with MFA phishing becoming an increasing significant threat, this authentication method is experiencing a renaissance. In other scenarios, smart cards are regulatory requirements or simply a phishing-resistant MFA method which has already been deployed to every user in the organization and only needs to be extended to the cloud. 

\n

However, the only method of authentication towards Active Directory using a smart card certificate is via the Kerberos PKINITextension (which obviously requires Kerberos authentication) and only works with “line of sight” to a Domain Controller (e.g. through VPN). This is because for security reasons, NLA (Network Level Authentication) for RDP is enforced. NLA falls back to NTLM when there is no line of sight between the client and the Domain Controller. To overcome this problem, we must implement a KDC proxy. 

\n

Although there is documentation for KDC proxy, I stumbled into some traps when implementing it for the first time in a PAW (Privileged Access Workstation) to AVD (Azure Virtual Desktop) scenario, in which the PAW was Entra joined only and NOT domain-joined. That’s why I decided to write down my learnings. 

\n

Please note  

\n\n\n\n

KDC Proxy in a Nutshell

\n

The KDC (Key Distribution Center) proxy is a service that runs a web listener at https://+:443/kdcproxy and relays Kerberos messages to a Domain Controller for the clients inside a TLS tunnel. Clients know that a proxy exists via a GPO/Intune/registry/RDP setting, so if they cannot reach a DC over Kerberos, they will try the proxy instead. 

\n

Please note  

\n\n\n

KDC Proxy & AVDs 

\n

When it comes to KDC proxy and AVDs, there are two components to the Azure Virtual Desktop service that need to be authenticated: 

\n\n\n

Communication & Certificates 

\n

Different certificates are involved in the logon process and as many folks struggle when it comes to certificates, the diagrams below show the key facts about the authentication flow and certificates involved: 

\n

The KDC proxy relays Kerberos messages (authentication and change password messages) between client and DC. For obvious reasons these messages must travel through the Internet only inside a TLS tunnel (Fig.1 (1)). To terminate this tunnel the server hosting the KDC proxy must be accessible through port 443 from the Internet and present a certificate (Fig.1 (2))...  

\n\n\n\n

An Admin configures the KDC proxy name (“kdc-proxy.fabrikam.com” in the diagram below) in the AVD’s properties (Fig.1 (3)). 

\n\n

Fig.1 

\n

The user connects to AVD in the Windows app. After successful authentication to Entra ID (Fig.2 (4)) the user will authenticate to the KDC proxy using the smart card certificate (TLS client certificate authentication (Fig.2 (5))). 

\n

The KDC proxy relies on DC location (MS-NRPC) to find KDCs and then relays the Kerberos messages coming from the client to the DC and back again (Fig.2 (6)). 

\n\n

Fig.2 

\n

User authenticates with Kerberos-based smart card authentication (PKInit) to AD (Fig.3 (7)). PKInit is mutual authentication which is why the DC also needs a certificate (Fig.3 (8)). Finally, the user accesses the AVD via a TLS tunnel Fig.3 (9)). 

\n\n

Fig.3 

\n

Implementation 

\n

Prerequisite: Domain Controller Certificates 

\n

Smart card authentication in Active Directory- regardless of the KDC proxy – is based on a Kerberos extension called PKInit and requires the DCs to have certificates in place. We recommend using the Kerberos Authentication certificate template when using AD Certificate Services. The DC certificates must meet the following certificate requirements and enumeration: 

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

a) Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1), Client Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) and Smart Card Logon (1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2).

\n

b) Server Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1) and KDC Authentication (1.3.6.1.5.2.3.5) à RECOMMENDED!  

\n

c) ...or have the value DomainController, encoded as a BMPstring (NOT RECOMMENDED!) 

\n\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The NTAuth store is an object in the Services partition of AD. CA certificates which are trustworthy for AD authentication are published to the NTAuth object and from there replicated to the Enterprise certificate store on all members of the AD Forest. Smart card authentication or Windows Hello for Business (Key Trust or Certificate Trust) only work with the issuing CA certificate published to NTAuth. 
\n
\n

Whether it is about KDC proxy or not, we recommend enabling the following features for smart card authentication: 

\n

PKInit Freshness Extension is an enhancement to the PKInit protocol which ensures that the client possesses the private key used for authentication in the moment of authentication. Otherwise, a client could generate requests with future time stamps and then send those requests at some time in future (e.g. when the user has removed the smart card from the device).. 

\n

Strict KDC Validation is a security feature in Kerberos authentication that ensures the integrity and authenticity of the KDC. It involves a more restrictive set of criteria to validate the KDC's certificate, mainly it requires a KDC certificate with an EKU of “KDC Authentication” (see option b. above). 

\n

KDC Proxy – Installation and Configuration 

\n

The KDC proxy KDC service is a component which automatically comes with the Remote Desktop Services Gateway role in Windows Server 2016 and later. The installation of this role is described in detail at Deploy Remote Desktop Gateway role for Remote Desktop Services | Microsoft Learn. 

\n

Some additional information you might find very helpful: 

\n\n\n\n\n

Additional recommendations to further improve security: 

\n\n\n

KDC Proxy - Configuration in Azure AVD Settings 

\n

Clients will use the Windows app to connect to the AVD session host (AVD access via the browser does not work with smart card authentication). What is configured in the AVD session host’s RDP Properties, will be pushed to the clients. 

\n

To configure the KDC proxy: 

\n
    \n
  1. Sign in to the Azure portal as an administrator. 
  2. \n
  3. Go to the Azure Virtual Desktop page. 
  4. \n
  5. Select the host pool you want to enable the KDC proxy for, then select RDP Properties. 
  6. \n
  7. Select the Connection information tab, then enter a value in the following format without spaces: 
    kdcproxyname:s: <public KDC proxy name as registered in DNS> 
  8. \n
\n

 

\n\n

Fig.4 

\n

5. Select Save. 

\n

6. The selected host pool should now begin to issue RDP connection files that include the kdcproxyname value you provided in step 4. 

\n

Please note: There is no need for configuration of the KDC Proxy URL on the client as it is pushed to the Windows app through the AVD settings.  

\n

Client Configuration: Trust & Revocation Check 

\n

The client must regard the KDC proxy’s certificate as trustworthy. This requires: 

\n\n\n

In case the client is joined to an AD domain, the CA certificate which issued the DC certificate must be present in the client’s NTAuth store. In case the client is not joined to an AD domain, this is not required. 

\n

Troubleshooting 

\n

In case the smart card authentication via the KDC Proxy does not work, you will see the following error message in most scenarios: 

\n\n

 Unfortunately, it is very generic and to dig deeper into the problem, we need to investigate different locations in the Windows Event Log. 

\n

Event Logs Overview 

\n

The following event logs can provide useful information for troubleshooting: 

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
componentlogging options
client\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > CAPI2 (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
KDC proxy \n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Kerberos-KdcProxy/Operational (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n
    \n
  • Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > CAPI2 (disabled by default) 
  • \n
\n\n
\n
\n

Some Troubleshooting Scenarios 

\n

Please find some very common troubleshooting scenarios below.  

\n

KDC Proxy: Port 443 not opened, wrong URL configured on Client, DNS issue... 

\n

On the KDC Proxy, check Eventviewer à Microsoft à Windows à Kerberos-KdcProxy/Operational. Event ID 400 indicates that a client is talking to the KDC Proxy.  

\n\n

You don’t see this event? Looks like nobody would be talking to your proxy. Check firewall, DNS resolution and the KDC proxy URL configured on the client. 

\n

Client: KDC Proxy Certificate not trusted 

\n

In case you see an error referring to the KDC Proxy public URL in CAPI2 log, the KDC proxy server’s certificate cannot chain up to a trusted Root CA. Ensure that the corresponding Root CA certificate is present in the client’s Trusted Root Certification Authorities store. 

\n\n

Client: Revocation Check on the KDC Proxy Certificate failed 

\n

CAPI2 

\n

This error indicates that the revocation checks on the KDC proxy failed. Please keep in mind that this is executed in system context (lsass.exe). Ensure that the CRL (or OCSP) is accessible in the security context of the client computer. 

\n\n

Security-Kerberos 

\n

In Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos the following event is logged. 

\n\n

Credential Guard enabled on the Client 

\n

With Credential Guard enabled on the client, proxying Kerberos messages will not work.  

\n

In Eventviewer > Microsoft > Windows > Security-Kerberos on the client the following event is logged: Export of supplemental credentials attempted. This is unsupported with credential guard. 

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