Whether using the "Set up School PCs" or "Windows Configuration Designer" app to create a provisioning package that joins Windows devices to Azure AD and enrols them to Intune, the option to input a product key is used to upgrade the edition on the device (see
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/configuration/wcd/wcd-editionupgrade). So for instance, you could upgrade from Windows 10 Home edition to Windows 10 Pro edition by inputting a product key for Windows 10 Pro.
If I understand your question correctly, your goal is to enrol devices to Intune using a provisioning package and ensure they upgrade from Windows 10 operating system version to Windows 11. As such, there there are two ways of achieving your end goal - (1) upgrade first, then enrol or (2) enrol first, then upgrade.
Option 1: Install Windows 11 first (manually using installation media or otherwise) and then enrol the device to Intune from Windows 11 out-of-box environment. This option is the fastest and means you're in control of the operating system installation process.
Option 2: Enrol the Windows 10 device to Intune from Windows 10 out-of-box environment and use a Windows Update for Business "Feature updates" policy (see
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/intune/protect/windows-10-feature-updates#upgrade-devices-to-w...) to upgrade the devices to Windows 11.